In which of the following signaling pathways does ligand binding induce the phosphorylation of the receptor molecules? (Check all that apply.) A The TGF-beta pathway. B The Hedgehog/smoothened pathway. The Notch/Delta pathway. The Receptor-tyrosine kinase pathway. E The canonical Wnt pathway.

A biochemist is designing a new drug that will mimic the shape and function of a particular intercellular signaling molecule. Therefore she must produce a molecule that will bind to the receptor protein and... A. produce a cellular response by altering the Na+/K+ pump located near the receptor site. B. induce a change in the receptor molecule shape, which will ultimately prevent a cellular response. C.  induce a change in the receptor molecule shape, which will ultimately produce a cellular response. D.  induce a change in the phospholipid bilayer that causes a polar reversal allowing the molecules to be endocytose (engulfed).

xytocin stimulates contraction of smooth muscles in the breast and uterine wall. The key step in muscle contraction is release of calcium from internal cell stores. With which type of receptor does oxytocin interact to cause muscle contraction?   A. Gαi-coupled receptor   B. Tyrosine kinase coupled receptor   C. Cytokine type 1 receptor   D. Ser/Thr kinase receptor   E. Gαq-coupled receptor

Same question but two different sections

Arrange following the boxed information in sequence regarding the dissociation and reassociation of G proteins following the activation of a G protein coupled receptor. GTP-bound Ga, dissociates from B and y cuhunits Gas exchanges GTP for GDP Gas reassociates with By subunits and the rorentor reforms Binding of the ligand to a G-protein rounled recentor GTP-bound Gas binds and activates adenvlul rurlase GTP is hydrolyzed and GDP bound Gas suhunit dissoriates Conformational change Increased synthesis of CAMP from ATP

You decide to investigate cell signaling of a pair of newly identified GPCRs, GPCR-W and GPCR-Z. Each binds the same ligand, but activates different downstream heterotrimeric G-proteins that act on adenylyl cyclase. You discover that ligand binding has opposite effects on adenylyl cyclase activity for each receptor. GPCR-W causes an increase in adenylyl cyclase activity, while GPCR-Z causes a decrease in adenylyl cyclase activity. You obtain a cell line expressing GPCR-W, GPCR-Z, the relevant G-proteins, and adenylyl cyclase. There is baseline adenylyl cyclase activity producing a baseline amount of cAMP. You embark on a research project to characterize the following mutations in the components of the signaling pathway. 2. Will each of the following mutations increase or decrease the levels of cAMP inside the cell upon adding the ligand to the cell culture? A mutation in GPCR-W that prevents G-protein activation? A mutation in GPCR-Z that prevents G-protein activation? A mutation in…

Which of the following would inhibit the activity of TGF-Beta receptor? multiple answers    A. Deletion of Extracellular domain   B. Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor   C. Mutation that prevents homodimerization of Type II Receptor   D. Mutation of phosphorylation site on Type I receptor   E. Inhibition Type II receptor binding to Type I receptor

How could we promote rapid or slow signaling for medical purposes? So there are many examples of slow and rapid signaling via coupled receptors. For an example, salivary gland secretion is rapid signaling and cell growth is slow signaling. These pathways could be twisted and used to resolve medical issues in a more natural and less damaging way. Are there any experiments that have or could be done to test out promoting rapid signaling to speed up slow processes such as cell growth in a severe wound? What experiments have or could be done to test out slowing down signaling that is fast like cells responding to their environment negatively (over-active allergies)? Thank you.

TAS2R38 codes for a G-protein coupled receptor which contributes to the tasting of PTC. What does this tell you about PTC as a type of ligand?  a It is a protein-based ligand that can cross the CM into the cell  b It is a lipid based ligand that can cross the CM into the cell  c It is a protein-based ligand that requires a second messenger  d It is a lipid-based ligand that requires a second messenger

Outside of cell not GTP Activated G protein Inside of cell 7.In the figure above, part of the signal transduction mechanism common to G protein- linked receptors is shown. Of the steps in this pathway, select the step that will occur next. a. Extracellular signal binds to the receptor. b. Signal binding to receptor causes a change in shape in the receptor. c. GTP bound to the G protein is exchanged for GDP. d. Activated G protein subunit binds to effector protein. e. Activated cellular enzymes catalyze the formation of products, effectively amplifying the signal inside the cell.