Why do we need to identify and determine the function of every single molecule involved in cell signalling? Provide one concrete example of an application of an elucidated cascade of events in cell signalling
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Why do we need to identify and determine the function of every single molecule involved in cell signalling? Provide one concrete example of an application of an elucidated cascade of events in cell signalling. (The answer should be no less than 300 words)
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- Why do we need to identify and determine the function of every single molecule involved in cell signalling? provide citations of trusted papers/sites. (no less than 250 words)The G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) pathway elicits diverse intracellular responses in different cells. The basic steps of GPCR signaling are outlined in this diagram. Which of the following statements correctly describes the process of GPCR signaling? The GPCR activation is reversible after the signal of the ligand diminishes. The membrane-embedded enzyme uses GTP as a secondary messenger to initiate gene expression. The ligand attaches to both the GPCR and the membrane-embedded enzyme to activate the GPCR pathway. The ligand-bound GPCR sends a GTP molecule to an enzyme in the membrane and switches it into an active state.You are studying the role of CAMP in cell signaling. You hypothesize that 2 intracellular signaling proteins, named GO and TIGERS, interact with each other when cells are treated with an extracellular source of CAMP. The two proteins were tagged with CFP or YFP (CFP = cyan fluorescent protein; YFP = yellow fluorescent protein). CFP is excited by 435 nm light and emits lights at 480 nm. YFP is excited by 480 nm light and emits light at 535 nm. 400 500 Wavelength of Emitted Light 400 500 Wavelength of Emitted Light 600 600 Fluorescence 400 400 500 Wavelength of Emitted Light 600 500 Wavelength of Emitted Light 600 Fluorescence Intensity 400 500 Wavelength of Emitted Light 600 Figure Legend. A. Cells expressing GO-CFP irradiate with 435 nm light. B. Cells expressing TIGERS-YFP and irradiated with 435 nm light. C. Cells expressing TIGERS- YFP and irradiated with 480 nm light. D. Cells expressing GO-CFP and TIGERS-YFP and irradiated with 435 nm light. E. Cells expressing GO-CFP and…
- Much of what we know about cell signalling comes from biochemical studies of proteins isolated in test tubes. What is the precise quantitative behaviour of intracellular signalling networks in an intact cell where countless other signals and cellular components can influence the specificity and intensity of signalling?Below are schematics of two cell signalling pathways. Based on these diagrams, which of the following statements are likely true? Choose only the best answer. Cell 1 Receptor 1 ✓ Adenylyl cyclase V CAMP V Protein kinase A ✓ Protein kinase V Response 1 Receptor 2 ✓ Protein kinase V Protein kinase V Response 2 Cell 2 Only Cell 1 contains a relay molecule. The receptor of Cell 1 must be a receptor tyrosine kinase. All of the other statements are likely true. There is likely greater amplification of the signal in Cell 1. Receptor 3 Protein kinaseTo understand how a signaling pathway works, it is often useful to isolate the cell-surface receptor and to measure the activity of downstream effector proteins under different conditions. How could you use affinity chromatography to isolate a cell-surface receptor?
- Steroid hormones are required by the body at puberty and into adolescence to regulate growth and cell division at more rapid pace than in later life. This regulation occurs via their interaction with cellular receptors and the signaling cascades/pathways that follow. Describe for me the difference between the two major classes of steroids, anabolic and catabolic steroids. What might you expect the result of signaling cascades to be in cells receiving either anabolic or catabolic “signals”? (B) At some point in late adolescence, steroid production decreases by almost 100 fold, as we transition into “adulthood”. Why might we wish to stop these signals from constantly being in our blood stream, (like, Say, between 17-24 years of age)? What result might these steroids have on cancer cells where abhorrent signaling is already causing an increased rate of cell division/growth? Could steroid use result in Cancer?18. (04.01 HC) Biological recognition is important in processes at the molecular, cellular, and organismal levels. Cell membranes and their components communicate through intercellular signaling. (8 points) a. Explain how cell membranes and their components participate in intercellular signaling. b. Justify your answer by providing a specific example of cell membrane involvement in one particular type of cellular signaling.What is the main benefit of cell signaling via direct physical contact and cell signaling over short distances (ex: nerve cell signaling)?
- In the case of GPCR (G protein coupled receptor) signaling pathways, which of the following statements is INCORRECT? The gamma subunit of the trimeric G protein has a transmembrane domain whereas the alpha and beta subunits are peripheral proteins If G alpha was locked in a GTP bound state, it would be bound to the effector enzyme rather than to the beta and gamma subunits. In some but not all signaling pathways, when the beta and gamma subunits are separated from alpha - the beta/gamma pair can also stimulate the activation of effectorsLigand binding to proteins may occur with varying strengths; some ligands bind tightly to proteins while others bind less tightly. The strengths of reversible binding are determined experimentally by varying concentrations of ligands, and measuring the saturation of the protein in the various ligand concentrations. One such laboratory study investigated the binding of a hormone to three different receptor proteins in the cell membrane. The data collected are shown in the table below 1) Which of the proteins demonstrate the tightest/strongest binding of the hormone? Which demonstrates the least tight binding of the hormone? What is the basis for your answer?Ligand binding to proteins may occur with varying strengths; some ligands bind tightly to proteins while others bind less tightly. The strengths of reversible binding are determined experimentally by varying concentrations of ligands, and measuring the saturation of the protein in the various ligand concentrations. One such laboratory study investigated the binding of a hormone to three different receptor proteins in the cell membrane. The data collected are shown in the table below: 1) Provide a brief explanation as to why ligand binding to proteins must be a reversible process. 2) Calculate the dissociation constant (Kd) for the hormone binding to each of the three proteins.