Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + NAD+ +  Pi   →    1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + NADH  +  H+ ∆G0’ =+6.3 kJ mol-1 ②       NAD+ +  H+  + 2e-  →   NADH          ∆G0’ = +61.7 kJ mol-1 ③         Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + Pi   →   1,3-bisphosphoglycerate +  H+ + 2 e-        ∆G0’ = ??? kJ mol-1 How are equations ② and ③ related to equation ①? b) Calculate the ∆G0’ for the formation of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate from glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and inorganic phosphate (reaction ③ above) c) Why is reaction ③ coupled with the reaction ② when reaction ② is so unfavorable, i.e., what is the chemical role of the NAD+?

Which of the following is higher during high levels of glutathione reductase and NADP? SH A но (GSH) OH NH2 NH2 HO OH ;-CH-CH2-CH2-C-NH-CH–ċ–NH–CH2- CH2 В (GSSG) CH2 -CH-CH;-CH2=C-NH–C NH-CH–Ç-NH-CH2-C HO OH NH2

[AktivGrid] Draw the product of the reaction of isocitrate catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase in the TCA (citric acid) cycle. Provide the structure in the protonation state found in physiological conditions. 9 H-C-OH 800- -H CH₂ ° Coo of NAD+ dehydrogen isocitrate ase NADH, H*, Drawing CO2

Chymotrypsin has the highest affinity for which of the following substrates: Table. The values of KM and kcat for some Enzymes and Substrates Enzyme Chymotrypsin Ки (М) 4.4 x 10-1 8.8 x 10-2 6.6 x 104 Kcat (S-1) 5.1 x 10-2 1.7 x 10-1 1.9 x 102 Substrate N-acetylglycine ethyl ester N-acetylvaline ethyl ester N-acetyltyrosine ethyl ester Catalase H2O2 2.5 x 10-2 1.0 x 107 Urease Urea 2.5 x 10-2 4.0 x 105 OA. N-acetylglycine ethyl ester OB. N-acetylvaline ethyl ester OC. N-acetyltyrosine ethyl ester D. Urea

Consider the following equilibrium at 298 K. R=8.314 J/K-mol Acetyl-CoA + Oxaloacetate + H20 Citrate + COASH + H* Which one of the following is the correct value for K'eg ifAG" = -32.2 kJ/mol? O 1.11 0.987 1.01 x 10-13 13.0 9.92 x 1012 2480 4.42 x 105 2.27 x 10-6 1.01 -2480 2.56 -13.0 1.08 -0.0130 0.0130 0.926

It has been shown recently that the African naked GLUT5-O Fructose mole-rat can withstand up to 18 min of complete anoxia (ab- sence of O2) in the presence of high levels of CO2 without ap- parent brain damage. The basis of its capacity to tolerate such unusual conditions is that the brain, heart, and liver in the mole- rat switch to fructose-driven glycolysis. In contrast to normal mice, these tissues in the naked mole-rat have high levels of GLUT5 specific for cellular uptake of fructose. The available pathways for breakdown of fruct ose for metabolic energy production are shown on the right. KHK stands for ketohexosekinase, an enzyme that is markedly upregulated in the mole-rat compared to normal mice. Conse- quently mice must metabolize fructose largely via hexokinase (HK). In the diagram ALDOB, ALDOA, etc. represent aldolase isozymes. KHK HK Fructose-6-P PFK Fructose-1-P Fructose-1,6-BP ALDOB ALDOC ALDOA ALDOC Glyceraldehyde DHAP GAЗP Glyc-3-P 3-PGA Lactate Pyruvate mouse naked…

By what factor is sample A2 more concentrated than sample A1?

Calculate the ΔG for Malate dehydrogenase reaction of CAC if the concentration of oxaloacetate is 1x 10-8 M, malate is 0.2 mM, NAD+ is 10 mM and NADH is 0.1 mM in rat liver mitochondria. ΔGo’ for this reaction is 30 kJ/mole. Please write the units of the final answer and the formula you are using to solve.   R = 0.008314kJ/K*mol, T = 298K

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP) is converted to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG) as shown. GAP + P + NAD+ 1,3-BPG + NADH Is this reaction spontaneous? How do you know? AG = 6.7 kJ mol-¹ The reaction shown above is coupled to the following reaction in which 1,3-BPG is converted to 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PG): GAP + P + NAD+ + ADP3-PG + NADH + ATP AG = -18.8 kJ mol-¹ 1,3-BPG+ADP3-PG+ATP Write the equation for the overall conversion of GAP to 3PG. Is the coupled reaction favorable? How do you know?