Calculate the biochemical standard cell potential for the oxidation of NADH by molecular oxygen O2 + 2NADH + 2 H+ → 2H2O + 2NAD+
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Calculate the biochemical standard cell potential for the oxidation of NADH by molecular oxygen
O2 + 2NADH + 2 H+ → 2H2O + 2NAD+
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- The enzyme lactate dehydrogenase catalyzes the reversible reaction lactate (CH3 CHOHCOO )+NAD* рyruvate (CH3 COCOO) + NADH + H+ Given the standard reduction potentials CH3 СОСОО + 2H+ + 2е CH3 CHОНСО" E°'= -0. 185 V NADŤ + H+ + 2e- → NADH = -0. 320 V E°' would you expect the reaction to be spontaneous in the forward or reverse direction under biochemical standard state conditions? How could you change the reaction conditions to force the reaction to be spontaneous in the opposite direction? Please explain your answer.(a) Consider the oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate by NAD*: malate + NAD+ → oxaloacetate + NADH + H+ In yeast mitochondria, where the pH = 8.1, this reaction is exergonic only at low oxaloacetate concentrations. Assuming a pH = 8.1, a temperature of 37 °C, and the steady-state concentrations given below, calculate the maximum concentration of oxaloacetate at which the reaction will still be exergonic. malate + NAD*→ oxaloacetate + NADH + H* lactate + NAD →→ pyruvate + NADH + H+ half reaction Pyruvate + 2H+ + 2e → lactate Pyruvate + CO₂ + H + 2e → malate Intracellular steady state concentrations: malate = 410 μM; NAD = 20.0 mM; pyruvate = 3.22 mM; NADH = 290 μM; AG=+29.7 kJ/mol AG¹ = +25.1 kJ/mol E° (V) - 0.190 - 0.330 lactate 1.1 mM CO₂ = 15.5 torrOne process catalyzed by NADHNADH dehydrogenase is NADH+H^++ubiquinone ↽−−⇀ NAD+ubiquinolNADH+H^++ubiquinone ↽−−⇀ NAD^++ubiquinol The standard reduction potentials for the half‑reactions are given in the table. Oxidant Reductant ?′0 ubiquinone+2H++2e−ubiquinone+2H++2e^− ubiquinolubiquinol 0.045 NAD^++H^++2e−NAD^++H^++2e^− NADHNADH –0.32 Calculate Δ?′0 for the reaction as shown. Δ?′0=____(V) Calculate Δ?′0 . Δ?′0=____(kJ/mol)
- Given the following information, calculate the physiological ΔG of the isocitrate dehydrogenase reaction at 25°C and pH 7.0: [NAD+]/[NADH] = 8, [α-ketoglutarate] = 0.1 mM, and [isocitrate] = 0.02 mM. Assume standard conditions for CO2 (ΔG°′ is given in Table). Is this reaction a likely site for metabolic control?A mutant version of DADH can use NADP+ as a cofactor for isopropanol oxidation. Velocity data was collected from reactions at a series of NADP+ concentrations. The following trendline was obtained for a Lineweaver-Burk plot of the data: y = 0.00007x + 0.0014 Note that the NADP+ substrate concentrations are in mM and the reaction velocity was measured in nmol/min. Calculate the Km and Vmax for DADH with this substrate. Show your work.Given the following information on reduction potentials, calculate the standard free energy in kJ/mol based on your understanding of electron transfer through the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Round to nearest whole number. Lipoamide + 2H+ + 2e- → dihydrolipoamide ∆εο = -0.29 FAD + 2H+ + 2e- → FADH2 ∆εο = −0.01
- Begining with 1 M concentrations of each reactant and product at pH=7 and 25.0 degrees C, calculate the K'eq of the reaction Pyruvate + NADH Lactate + NADH+H+. Note the temperature of this reaction will not affect the standard reducton potentialGiven what you know about the involvement of nicotinamide nucleotides inoxidative and reductive metabolic reactions, predict whether the followingintracellular concentration ratios should be 1, > 1, or < 1. Explain youranswers.(a) [NAD+] >[NADH](b) [NADP+] >[NADPH](c) Since NAD+ and NADP+ are essentially equivalent in their tendency to attract electrons, discuss how the two concentration ratios might bemaintained inside cells at greatly differing values.A dialyzed pigeon liver extract will catalyze the conversion of acetyl-CoAto palmitate and CoASH if supplied with Mg2+, NADPH, ATP, HCO3-, andcitrate.(a) If H14CO3– is supplied, what compounds will become labeled (permanently or transiently) during the course of the reaction? In whatcompounds will 14C accumulate?(b) Explain the role of citrate in this reaction.
- Given the overall equation for respiration (C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O), in which step(s) in the respiratory pathway is/are each of the reactants used up and each of the products made? Photosynthetic reactions require NADPH while NADH is involved in aerobic respiration. These two molecules regulate both the biosynthetic and the catabolic activity of the cell. Explain how they do this. Note that NAD+ kinase phosphorylates NAD+ to produce NADPH+.Consider the malate dehydrogenase reaction from the citric acid cycle. Given the listed concentrations, calculate the free energy change for this reaction at energy change for this reaction at 37.0 ˚C (310 K). AG' for the reaction is +29.7 kJ/mol. Assume that the reaction occurs at pH 7. [malate] = 1.45 mM AG: [oxaloacetate] = 0.130 mM [NAD+ ] = 110 mM [NADH] = 44 mM 47.06 Incorrect kJ.mol-1Consider the two half-reactions below and their standard reduction potentials. NAD+ + H+ + 2e → NADH Elo= -0.32 V a-Ketoglutarate + CO₂ + 2H+ + 2e → Isocitrate E' = -0.38 V (a) What is AE" for the spontaneous redox reaction that is, the reaction that actually occurs under standard biochemical conditions (pH 7)? (b) Which of the following statements are correct under standard biochemical conditions? i. The concentration of H+ is 1.0 M. ii. The reaction NAD+ + Isocitrate → NADH + H+ + a-Ketoglutarate + CO₂ is favor- able. iii. NAD+ accepts electrons from isocitrate. iv. The NAD → NADH reaction actually occurs in reverse. The a-ketoglutarate → isocitrate reaction occurs as written. (c) Calculate AG" for the reaction in (a). (pH 7, 25°C, pressure, 1 atm.) (d) Suppose that the actual conditions are T = 25°C, pH = 7, CO₂ = 1 atm, [a-Ketoglutarate] 10 mM, [NAD+] = 2.5 mM, and [NADH] = 0.5 mM. PAR = 2 mM, [Isocitrate] DE What is the value of AG under those conditions? (Hints: pH 7 is already…