Arrange the balanced biochemical equations for all the reactions in the payoff phase of glycolysis and the conversion of pyruvate to lactate. Answer BankGlyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + Pi + NAD+-3-Phosphoglycerate 2-phosphoglycerate→ 1,3-bis2-Phosphoglycerate →→→ phosphoenolpyruvatePyruvate + NADH + H+ →→→→lactate + NAD+1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate + ADP →→→ 3-phosphoglycerPhosphoenolpyruvate + ADP →→ pyruvate + ATP

Glycolysis is the first phase in aerobic cellular respiration. It is the step during which one…

Answer Bank Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + P¡ + NAD+ →→→ 1,3-bis 3-Phosphoglycerate →→→ 2-phosphoglycerate 2-Phosphoglycerate phosphoenolpyruvate Pyruvate + NADH + H+ →→→→→lactate + NAD+ — 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate + ADP →→→ 3-phosphoglycer Phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP →→→ pyruvate + ATP

Answer Bank Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + P¡ + NAD+ →→→ 1,3-bis 3-Phosphoglycerate →→→ 2-phosphoglycerate 2-Phosphoglycerate phosphoenolpyruvate Pyruvate + NADH + H+ →→→→→lactate + NAD+ — 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate + ADP →→→ 3-phosphoglycer Phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP →→→ pyruvate + ATP

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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The muscle isozyme of lactate dehydrogenase is inhibited by lactate. Steady-state kinetic analysis yielded the following data, with lactate either absent or present at a fixed concentration. (a) Pyruvate is the substrate whose concentration is varied in one plot,NADH in the other. Identify each. Use an arrow and the appropriate letter(b, c, d, or e) to identify each of the following.(b) Reciprocal of Vmax for the uninhibited enzyme.(c) The line representing data obtained in the presence of lactate acting as a competitive inhibitor with respect to the variable substrate.(d) The line representing data obtained in the presence of lactate acting as a noncompetitive inhibitor with respect to the variable substrate.(e) Reciprocal of KM in the presence of lactate acting as a competitiveinhibitor.(f) If KM for NADH is 2 x 10-5 M, then which of the following is the mostappropriate NADH concentration to use when determining KM for pyruvate: 10-7 M, 10-6 M, 10-5 M, 10-4 M, or 10-3 M?
The mechanism of chymotrypsin can be viewed as a two-step process, acylation of the enzyme active site followed by a deacylation reaction. What accounts for the observed "burst" in rapid kinetic studies of the hydrolysis of N-acetyl-L-phenylalanine p-nitrophenyl ester by chymotrypsin? The rate of hydrolysis of the acyl-enzyme intermediate is faster than the rate of forming the acyl-enzyme intermediate. The rates of the acylation and deacylation reactions are equal. The rate of the acylation reaction is slower than the rate of the deacylation reaction. The rate of the acylation reaction is faster than the rate of the deacylation reaction.
For the following enzymes (3-6) predict how the conditions will most likely affect the enzymes activity with one of the following and provide a 1 sentence explanation: a. increase activity b. decrease activity c. not likely to alter activity 3) alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex binding to AMP when [AMP] is high. 4) phosphohexose isomerase binding NADH when [NADH] is high 5) phosphofructose-1 binding NAD+ when [NAD+] is high 6) pyruvate dehydrogenase complex binding to ATP when [ATP] is high
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Please provide an explanation for how to work through this practice problem: Using table 12.1, calculate the free energy change for the synthesis of ATP from cAMP and inorganic phosphate. (Note: cAMP is hydolyzed to AMP, and the free engery of hydrolysis for ATP and ADP is approximately equal.) Table 12.1: (Compound: Change in Free Energy in kJ/mol) cAMP: -50.4 Creatine phosphate: -43.3 ATP: -30.5 Glucose 6-phosphate: -13.9 AMP: -9.2
Malate dehydrogenase has a ΔGo′ΔGo′= 29.5 kJ/mol for the formation of oxaloacetate from malate yet plays a crucial role in the Citric Acid Cycle. Explain (briefly) how this enzyme with a very non-spontaneous ΔGo′ΔGo′can function well in a biochemical pathway.
What is meant by reciprocal regulation ? Name one compound that reciprocally regulates glycolysis and gluconeogenesis pathways . Which enzymes are regulated by this compound? What reactions are catalyzed by these enzymes (structures not required) ?
Lactic acidosis, weakness, fatigue, and sleepiness are observed in patients with genetic defects of one if the enzymes of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Explain The causes of the elevation of lactate in the blood of such patients and the emergence of hypoenergetic state. For this purpose write the following: a) scheme of the metabolic pathway of glucose metabolism, that includes this reaction and calculates the energetic effect of the process, outlining the reactions coupled with the use and formation of ATP. b) reaction of the reduction of pyruvate and explain the reason for its acceleration inpatients that have such genetic defects.
Briefly explain the malate-aspartate shuttle. Distinguish between this shuttle with the glycerol -phosphate shuttle based upon their transport of reducing equivalents and their potential for ATP synthesis.
What is the fate of the radioactive label when each of the following compounds is added to a cell extract containing the enzymes and cofactors of the citric acid cycle and the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex? P.S. A detailed steps explaination would be greatly appreciated. Also, any tips on how to solve such problems if possible? Is there any particular fate that C atoms of the R group for example, have, at the end of the cycle? I usually think of drawing out each step and solving but I believe that there must be a shorter, smarter way to do it and similar questions. Thank you!
Provide a reasonable step-wise mechanism for the reaction below, involving TPP as acoenzyme (can abbreviate the pyrophosphate as R), and invoking any general acids or base fromacetolactate synthase that you might need .
In the skeletal muscle, in anaerobic conditions, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is converted into pyruvate during the payoff phase of glycolysis; and this pyruvate is reduced into lactate during lactic fermentation. Part 1-Write the 11 balanced biochemical equations corresponding to all the reaction steps leading to the conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate into lactate through glycolysis followed by lactic fermentation. Part 2-Write the net equation of the whole transformation process (i.e. with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate as the starting substrate; and lactate as the end product).