Given this viral mRNA, which model represents the correct (+)ssRNA genome from which it was made? mRNA AUAUUUGCG.... O (+) AUAUUUGCG (+) UAUAAACGC (+) AUAUUUGCG... (+) UAUAAACGC
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- b) Shown below is a short gene of an unknown bacteria genome (Figure 2). (Note: Transcription starts at Transcription Start Site (TSS).) 5'TATTATAACGCATGACGAGCCATGCATTATCGGTATATGCACTGACCCGGAAAGGCTCCTTTTGGAGCCTTTTTT-3' 3'-ATAATATTGCGTACTGCTCGGTACGTAATAGCCATATACGTGACTGGGCCTTTTCCGAGGAAAACCTCGGAAAAA-5' Promoter (i) (ii) TSS (iii) Terminator Figure 2 Which DNA strand (the top or the bottom) is used by polymerase as a DNA template? List the mechanistic steps that can trigger the initiation of transcription by the Sigma Factor. What are the amino acids translated from the resulting mRNA? Indicate the amino (NH₂*) and carboxyl (COO) termini of the polypeptide chain.Researchers have been determining the nucleotide sequences of variant forms of SARS-CoV-2, looking for versions of the virus that might be more easily transmitted between humans or that might be more deadly. (a) For example, one mutation in a viral gene changed a GAU codon to a GGU codon. How does this change affect the sequence of the polypeptide encoded by that gene? (b) In another variant form of the virus, a gene is missing six consecutive nucleotides. How would this change affect the sequence of the polypeptide encoded by that gene? (c) In another coronavirus variant, the spike protein (the prominent protein on the surface of the virus) contains a histidine residue where an aspartate (aspartic acid) residue should be. Describe a point mutation in the coronavirus genome that could have caused this change in the spike protein.b) Shown below is a short gene of an unknown bacteria genome (Figure 2). (Note: Transcription starts at Transcription Start Site (TSS).) TSS 5'-TATTATAACGCATGAGGAGCCATGCATTATCGGTATATGCACTGACCCGGAAAGGCTCCTTTTGGAGCCTTTTTT-3' 3-ATAATATTGCGTACTGCTCGGTACGTAATAGCCATATACGTGACTGGGCCTTTTCCGAGGAAAACCTCGGAAAAA-5 Promoter ********* Terminator Figure 2 Based on the DNA sequence of terminator, draw the structure of the hairpin loop that will be formed during the end of transcription.
- The FDA finds that chickens across the US are infected with a new type of bird-flu. They determine the sequence coding for the virus's surface proteins and see that some chickens' AG FLYS viruses have code (I) and some chickens' viruses have code (I1). (1) 5' CAUGAUAUUGUACUUU 3' (1I) 5' GAAUGGAACUGCAACUC 3' Translate the partial sequence for type I flu protein. "Be sure to start translation at the start codon! Second letter C UUU UUC J UUA UUG J UCU UCC Ser UAU Tyr UACJ UAA Stop UGA Stop UAG Stop UGG Trp G Phe UGU UGC Cys UCA Leu UCG CUU CAU CGU CGC CCU C ССА CCG CUC CUA CAC His Leu Pro CAA GIn CAGJ CGA FArg CGG CUG AAU Asn AAC S ACU ACC ACA AUG Met ACG AUU AGU Ser AGA Arg AGGJ AUC lle A AUA Thr GUU GCU GAU GGU GAC Asp GUC GCC GGC G Val Ala GAA Gly GCA GCG GGA GUA GUG GAGJ Glu GGG O Glu - Trp - Asn - Cys - Asn O Met - Glu - Leu - Gin - Leu O Met - lle - Val - Leu - Gly O Met - lle - Leu - Tyr - Phe O His - Asp - lle - Val - Leu First letter Third letterFor the following sequence design the forward and reverse primer... explain and justify your answer. Full sequence would be: 1 tctagagtca tgaaacaaca aaaacggctt tacgcccgat tgctgacgct gttatttgcg 61 ctcatcttct tgctgcctca ttctgcagca gcggcggcaa atcttaatgg gacgctgatg 121 cagtattttg aatggtacat gcccaatgac ggccaacatt ggaagcgttt gcaaaacgac 181 tcggcatatt tggctgaaca cggtattact gccgtctgga ttcccccggc atataaggga 241 acgagccaag cggatgtggg ctacggtgct tacgaccttt atgatttagg ggagtttcat 301 caaaaaggga cggttcggac aaagtacggc acaaaaggag agctgcaatc tgcgatcaaa 361 agtcttcatt cccgcgacat taacgtttac ggggatgtgg tcatcaacca caaaggcggc 421 gctgatgcga ccgaagatgt aaccgcggtt gaagtcgatc ccgctgaccg caaccgcgta 481 atttcaggag aacacctaat taaagcctgg acacattttc attttccggg gcgcggcagc 541 acatacagcg attttaaatg gcattggtac cattttgacg gaaccgattg ggacgagtcc 601 cgaaagctga accgcatcta taagtttcaa ggaaaggctt gggattggga agtttccaat 661 gaaaacggca actatgatta tttgatgtat gccgacatcg attatgacca tcctgatgtc 721 gcagcagaaa ttaagagatg gggcacttgg…The genome of SARS-CoV-2 is a single-stranded sense (coding) mRNA that is translated into many functional and structural proteins required for the replication and assembly of the virus, including the famous spike protein. Comparing the sequence to that of SARS-CoV-1 and a number of other beta-coronaviruses reveals that by far the most conserved sequence within the entire ~30,000 nucleotide mRNA genome is located in the 3'-UTR, near the end of the message. The difference between that sequence in the original isolates of SARS-CoV-2 is only 1 in 50 nucleotides. What is the most likely explanation for this high degree of sequence conservation? The mRNA in this region encodes for a protein with a required proteus site to make the mature viral coat protein that participates in membrane fusion, without which the virus cannot propagate. The mRNA in this region encodes for an essential protein whose fold cannot tolerate amino acid substitutions. The mRNA in this region is part of a required…
- Following replication of the viral RNA, the mRNA coding for the Spike protein is produced. The part of this MRNA that will be efficiently translated is 3,822 nucleotides long. The 5' and 3' ends of the mRNA that will be further translated is represented below. 5'auguuuguuuuucuuguuuuauugccacuagu. . ....caaauuacauuacacaluaa 3' a) Name below the sequence, which is underlined as well as the squared sequence. b) Using the genetic code table inserted above, write the 3 C-terminal amino acids of the Spike protein. 2nd base 3rd base 1st base U A G UUU UCU S UAU Y UGU C UUC F UCC S UAC Y UGC C U UUA UCA UAA Stop Stop S UGA Stop A UUG UCG S UAG UGG W G CUU CCU CAU H CGU R CỤC ССС САС H CGC R C C CUA ССА P САА CGA R A CUG СCG CAG CGG R G AUU ACU T AAU AGU AUC А T AAC N AGC A AUA ACA T AAA K AGA A AUG M ACG AAG K AGG R G GUU V GCU A GAU D GGU G U GỤC V GCC A GẠC D GGC G G GUA V GCA A GAA E GGA G A GUG V GCG А GAG E GGG G G c) What is the length (in amino acids) of the Spike polypeptide? >>>>Below is a DNA sequence of the coding strand for a small gene. This gene has no introns. +1 5'- TATAAGATGCGTAGGATGCAGCTGTTTCAGCAGCCACGGTCTCGGCCCAGATAGCAGATAATAAACACGC GTA-3 a. Is this gene for an eukaryote or a prokaryote? Give one reason (. b. How many amino acids are expected to be coded by this gene? c. There are five underlined nucleotide sequences, interpret the purpose of three of them ONLY?The FDA finds that chickens across the US are infected with a new type of bird-flu. They determine the sequence coding for the virus's surface proteins and see that some chickens' viruses have code (1) and some chickens' viruses have code (II). (1) 5' CAUGAUAUUGUACUUU 3' (II) 5' GAAUGGAACUGCAACUC 3' nal Translate the partial sequence for type I flu protein. "Be sure to start translation at the start codon! Second letter U C G UUU Phe UUC. UUA UUG FLeu UCU UCC Ser UAU UAC Tyr UGCJoys UAA Stop UGA Stop UAG Stop UGG Trp G UCA UCG CUU CCU CC CA CCG CAU His CACJ Pro CAA1 GIin CAGJ CGU) CGC CUC Leu CUA CGA Arg CGG CUG ACU ACC ACA AUG Met ACG AAU AACJ AAA AAGJ AGU Ser AGC. AUU Asn AUC le Thr AUA AGA Arg Lys AGG. GUU GUC Val G GUA GUG GCU GCC GCA GCG GGU) GGC GAU Asp GAC. Ala GAA) Glu GAGJ GGA Gly GGG O Glu - Trp - Asn - Cys - Asn O Met - Glu - Leu - Gin - Leu O Met - lle - Val - Leu - Gly O Met - lle - Leu - Tyr - Phe O His - Asp - lle - Val - Leu First letter Third letter
- Given the sequence below, (A) What is the transcript (MRNA) sequence? (B) What is the amino acid sequence of the translated peptide? Rather than using abbreviations, write out the entire name of each of the amino acids in your peptide, so you do not risk using the wrong abbreviation and, therefore, providing the wrong sequence. 5' - ATG CTT GTA ATA CCG TGA - 3'A gene contains the sequence CGCATACGGTAC that results in the amino acid sequence arg-ile-arq- tyr. A mutation in this gene has a G inserted after the second C in the strand. How will this mutation affect the phenotype? A)This will affect the phenotype because although most of the protein will be identical, the first amino acid will be different. B)This will not affect the phenotype because only the second amino acid is different from the original protein. C)This will not affect the phenotype because the protein will be identical to the original protein. D)This will affect the phenotype because all of the amino acids after the first one will be different from the original protein.What is the sequence of the mRNA transcript that will be produced from the following sequence of DNA? The top strand is the template strand, the bottom strand is the coding strand. 5’ – TCGGGATTAGACGCACGTTGGCATACCTCG – 3’ 3’ – AGCCCTAATCTGCGTGCAACCGTATGGAGC – 5’ Enter the mRNA sequence here (pay close attention to the direction of the molecule!): 5'-_____-3'