Explain the purpose and overall technique for the following biotechnology applications: a. Isolation of Nucleic Acids b. Gel electrophoresis c. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

22.Identify the single most correct answer: (a) Ames assay (test) can be used to identify carcinogens but not mutagens.  b) Conjugation in viruses can result in production of an antibiotic resistant virus.  c) Certain groups of viruses are responsible for the process of transduction in bacteria. d) Organisms in their natural environment cannot exchange genetic information.  e) c and d 24. In a use-dilution test, for microorganism X, we evaluated 3 different disinfectants T1, T2 and T3 with the following disinfectant dilutions: 1/10, 1/100, 1/1,000 and 1/10,000. T1 killed the microorganism up to the dilution of 1/100; T2 killed the microorganisms up to the dilution of 1/10,000 and T3 killed the microorganisms up to the dilution of 1/1,000. Rank the disinfectants in the order of their strength with the strongest being first, for disinfecting contaminations with microorganism Xor alternatively are they all equally effective? Choose the most correct answer.  a) T1 (the strongest), T2, T3…

Outline the method of real-time PCR, and discuss why it is used.

These functional groups act as acid/ base catalysts: A. His imidazole B. Thiol of Cys C. Guanidino group of Arg D. All of the above Which of the following refers to discontinuous assay? A. also called sampling assay B. less prone to errors from sample manipulation C. assay is advantageous over other methods D. None of the above In cell cultures, ribozymes inhibit the expression of the following, except for: A. CMV- cytomegalovirus B. human HSV C. reovirus mRNA D. None of the above

Please answer these two questions regarding PCR:   a) Why do you need to perform PCR on DNA obtained from a crime scene? b) Why so forensic labs analyze non-coding DNA rather than genes?

1. Match the features of plasmids below with their meaning : Origin of replication LacZ gene antibiotic resistance gene Multiple cloning site A.required for maintenance of the plasmid in E. coli cells used to select for coli that contain our plasmid B. Required for replication of plasmid DNA inside an E. coli cell C. An engineered region of the plasmid that contains many unique restriction enzyme recognition Sites D. Allows for screening for plasmids with an insert in the multiple cloning site

1. Benedicts test is used to identify reducing sugars. What is the correct principle? A. Heating of simple carbohydrate is 5. A technique in genetic testing in which DNA fragments are amplified to more useful. added with Copper (II) forming copper (1) oxide which is an orange/ brick red complex. A. Restriction endonucleases B. Cloning C. Probes D. Southern blotting B. Polviodide ions is added to carbohydrate forming a black colored absorption complex, dextrin. C. Carbohydrate is added to H2504 6. The wrong monosaccharide combination undergoing dehydration and creating is. A. Sucrose = Fructose + galactose B. Lactose = galactese + glucose C. Maltose = Glucose + glucose D. All of the above. furfural which is combined with alpha naphtol creating a purple colored complex. D. None of the above. 7. Arrange the correct sequence in southern 2. What reagent is added to a sugar- jovertass solution in order to quantify its reaction seectrophotometrically? A. Benedict's solution. B. Biuret's…

3. Match the following biotech tools with their applications. Some of those tools may have more than one applications. • A. Gene cloning and Recombinant DNA • B. Restriction enzyme • C. Radioactive nucleic acid probe • D. Reverse transcriptase • E. Ti plasmid. • F. Gene therapy • G. PCR • H. Gel electrophoresis • I. single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) • J. Genomic 1. Crime scenes and paternity 2. Making copies of DNA sequence 3. GMO 4. introduce new genes into plant cells 5. alteration of an individual's DNA to treat disease. 6. Cutting DNA at target sequence 7. Detect the presence of specific gene 8. produce a DNA strand from MRNA. 9. separate DNA molecules based on size 10. methods to get the DNA fingerprint of different individual

13) The pLacZ cloning vector has an MCS with 10 different palindromes, that is, where you can clone using 10 different enzymes. How many different combinations of enzymes could be used to clone? (This is a measure of the versatility of the vector) a) 2^10 b. 4^3 c. 10^2 d. 3^4 14)One of the first vaccines achieved thanks to the tissue culture technique was that of influenza, True or False? 15) In the context of biotechnology, what does the term clone mean? a) Synonym of Dolly, identical copies of a multicellular organism b. Many copies of some cellular organelle. c. Production of drugs and medicines for diseases, but under the control of ethical standards d. Chimeric molecules (vector and insert), inside a bacteria replicating to form a colony e. Identical copies of proteins from recombinant DNA

Explain the importance of how Polymerase Chain Reaction, Gel Electrophoresis and Restrictions Enzymes can be used in the real world.