COLLEGE PHYSICS
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781464196393
Author: Freedman
Publisher: MAC HIGHER
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Chapter 23, Problem 7QAP
To determine
What happens to the angle of refraction if light enters material with a negative index of refraction from air?
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•4 In Fig. 35-32a, a beam of light in material 1 is incident on a
boundary at an angle of 30°. The extent to which the light is ben
due to refraction depends, in part, on the index of refraction n, o
material 2. Figure 35-32b gives the angle of refraction Oz versus n
for a range of possible n2 values, from n, = 1.30 to n, = 1.90. Wha
is the speed of light in material 1?
в,
40°
300!
30°
в,
20°
по
(a)
(b)
•48 In Fig. 33-48a, a light ray in water is incident at angle 61 on a
boundary with an underlying material, into which some of the
light refracts. There are two choices of underlying material. For
each, the angle of refraction 6, versus the incident angle 6, is
given in Fig. 33-48b. The vertical axis scale is set by 6, = 90°.
%3D
Without calculation, determine whether the index of refraction of
(a) material 1 and (b) material 2 is greater or less than the index
of water (n = 1.33). What is the index of refraction of (c) material
1 and (d) material 2?
Ө,
в2.
Water
0°
45°
90°
(a)
(6)
•8 In Fig. 35-33, two light pulses
are sent through layers of plastic
Pulse
п
п
with thicknesses of either L or 2L
as shown and indexes of refraction
Pulse
n = 1.55, nz = 1.70, nz = 1.60, n4 = i
1.45, ng = 1.59, ng = 1.65, and n, =
1.50. (a) Which pulse travels
through the plastic in less time?
(b) What multiple of Lic gives the difference in the traversal
times of the pulses?
%3D
Figure 35-33 Problem 8.
Chapter 23 Solutions
COLLEGE PHYSICS
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- •39 In Fig. 34-38, a beam of parallel light rays from a laser is in- cident on a solid transparent sphere of index of refraction n. (a) If a point image is produced at the back of the sphere, what is the index of refraction of the sphere? (b) What index of refraction, if any, will produce a point image at the center of the sphere?arrow_forward•49 Figure 33-49 shows light re- flecting from two perpendicular reflecting surfaces A and B. Find the angle between the incoming ray i and the outgoing ray r'. B.arrow_forward• A beam of light strikes the plane surface of silicate flint glass at an angle of incidence of 45°. The index of refraction of the glass varies with wavelength (see Figure 31-59). How much smaller is the angle of refraction for violet light of wavelength 400 nm than the angle of refraction for red light of wavelength 700 nm? 49 11 1.7 Silicate flint glass 1.6 Borate flint glass Quartz Silicate crown glass 1.5 Violet Red 1.4 400 500 600 700 2, nmarrow_forward
- •45 When the rectangular metal tank in Fig. 33-46 is filled to the top with an unknown liquid, observer o- O, with eyes level with the top of the tank, can just see corner E. A ray that refracts toward O at the top surface of the liquid is shown. If D = 85.0 cm and L = 1.10 m, what -Normal to liquid surface is the index of refraction of the liquid? -L-arrow_forwardA ray of light in air is incident at an angle of 25.0° on a glass slide with index of refraction 1.67. (a) At what angle is the ray refracted? • from the normal (b) If the wavelength of the light in vacuum is 520 nm, find its wavelength in the glass. nmarrow_forward33.37 • BIO Heart Sonogram. Physicians use high-frequency (f = 1–5 MHz) sound waves, called ultrasound, to image internal or- gans. The speed of these ultrasound waves is 1480 m/s in muscle and 344 m/s in air. We define the index of refraction of a material for sound waves to be the ratio of the speed of sound in air to the speed of sound in the material. Snell's law then applies to the refraction of sound waves. (a) At what angle from the normal does an ultrasound beam enter the heart if it leaves the lungs at an angle of 9.73° from the normal to the heart wall? (Assume that the speed of sound in the lungs is 344 m/s.) (b) What is the critical angle for sound waves in air incident on muscle?arrow_forward
- •• A slab of glass that has an index of refraction of 1.50 is submerged in water that has an index of refraction of 1.33. Light in the water is incident on the glass. Find the angle of refraction if the angle of incidence is (a) 60°, (b) 45°, and (c) 30°. SSM 31arrow_forward•48 A high-powered laser beam (A = 600 nm) with a beam diam- eter of 12 cm is aimed at the Moon, 3.8 x 10° km distant. The beam spreads only because of diffraction. The angular location of the edge of the central diffraction disk (see Eq. 36-12) is given by 1.22A sin 0 where d is the diameter of the beam aperture. What is the diameter of the central diffraction disk on the Moon's surface?arrow_forward•• Alight ray passes through a prism with an apex angle of a, as shown in Figure 31-62. The ray and the bisector of the apex angle intersect at right angles. Show that the angle of deviation & is related to the apex angle and the index of refraction of the prism material by sin {(a + 8)] = n sin(ta). 78arrow_forward
- •• ENGINEERING APPLICATION An optical fiber allows rays of light to propagate long distances by using total internal reflec- tion. Optical fibers are used extensively in medicine and in digital communications. As shown in Figure 31-58 the fiber consists of a core material that has an index of refraction n, and radius b sur- rounded by a cladding material that has an index of refraction n3 < n2. The numerical aperture of the fiber is defined as sine, where 0, is the angle of incidence of a ray of light that impinges on the center of the end of the fiber and then reflects off the core- cladding interface just at the critical angle. Using the figure as a guide, show that the numerical aperture is given by sine, = Vn3 - n? assuming the ray is initially in air. Hint: Use of the Pythagorean theorem may be required. 44arrow_forward83 O Two light rays, initially in phase and with a wavelength of 500 nm, go through different paths by T reflecting from the various mirrors 4 shown in Fig. 35-49. (Such a reflection does not itself produce a phase shift.) (a) What least value of distance d will put the rays exactly out of phase when they emerge from the region? (Ignore the slight tilt of the path for ray 2.) (b) Repeat the question as- suming that the entire apparatus is immersed in a protein solution with Ray 1 Ray 2 Figure 35-49 Problem 83. an index of refraction of 1.38.arrow_forwardPhysics Many nocturnal animals demonstrate the phenomenon of eyeshine, in which their eyes glow various colors at night when illuminated by a flashlight or the headlights of a car (see the photo). Their eyes react this way because of a thin layer of reflective tissue called the tapetum lucidum that is located directly behind the retina. This tissue reflects the light back through the retina, which increases the available light that can activate photoreceptors, and thus improve the animal’s vision in low-light conditions. If we assume the tapetum lucidum acts like a concave spherical mirror with a radius of curvature of 0.750 cm, how far in front of the tapetum lucidum would an image form of an object located 30.0 cm away? Neglect the effects of the other structures of the eye, such as the cornea and lens.arrow_forward
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