•49 Figure 33-49 shows light re- flecting from two perpendicular reflecting surfaces A and B. Find the angle between the incoming ray i and the outgoing ray r'. B.
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- Figure 25.54 shows a ray of light passing from one medium into a second and then a third. Show that 3 is the same as it would be if the second medium were not present (provided total internal reflection does not occur). Figure 25.54 A ray of light passes from one medium to a third by traveling through a second. The final direction is the same as if the second medium were not present, but the ray is displaced by x (Shawn exaggerated).If b is Brewster's angle for light reflected from the top of an interface between two substances, and b is Brewster's angle for light reflected from below, prove that b+b=90.0.•48 A high-powered laser beam (A = 600 nm) with a beam diam- eter of 12 cm is aimed at the Moon, 3.8 x 10° km distant. The beam spreads only because of diffraction. The angular location of the edge of the central diffraction disk (see Eq. 36-12) is given by 1.22A sin 0 where d is the diameter of the beam aperture. What is the diameter of the central diffraction disk on the Moon's surface?
- •4 In Fig. 35-32a, a beam of light in material 1 is incident on a boundary at an angle of 30°. The extent to which the light is ben due to refraction depends, in part, on the index of refraction n, o material 2. Figure 35-32b gives the angle of refraction Oz versus n for a range of possible n2 values, from n, = 1.30 to n, = 1.90. Wha is the speed of light in material 1? в, 40° 300! 30° в, 20° по (a) (b)•45 When the rectangular metal tank in Fig. 33-46 is filled to the top with an unknown liquid, observer o- O, with eyes level with the top of the tank, can just see corner E. A ray that refracts toward O at the top surface of the liquid is shown. If D = 85.0 cm and L = 1.10 m, what -Normal to liquid surface is the index of refraction of the liquid? -L-20) A be am of light of infens idy un polarized Two polarizing lo s incident sheefs The sheets on placed to p of The infensiy are on each other. of the light emerging trom the sheets is lo/4. what is the ange the axes of be tween polariza tion of those polarizes ? a) ws b) os (i12) C) sin-'(v2/2) d) cos () sin - (ilu5) +) sin-! (Il2) 9) sin(T3/2) h) cos ! (r312)
- •48 In Fig. 33-48a, a light ray in water is incident at angle 61 on a boundary with an underlying material, into which some of the light refracts. There are two choices of underlying material. For each, the angle of refraction 6, versus the incident angle 6, is given in Fig. 33-48b. The vertical axis scale is set by 6, = 90°. %3D Without calculation, determine whether the index of refraction of (a) material 1 and (b) material 2 is greater or less than the index of water (n = 1.33). What is the index of refraction of (c) material 1 and (d) material 2? Ө, в2. Water 0° 45° 90° (a) (6)•10 GO Manufacturers of wire (and other objects of small dimension) sometimes use a laser to continually monitor the thickness of the product. The wire intercepts the laser beam, pro- ducing a diffraction pattern like that of a single slit of the same width as the wire diameter (Fig. 36-37). Suppose a helium-neon laser, of wavelength 632.8 nm, illuminates a wire, and the diffrac- tion pattern appears on a screen at distance L = 2.60 m. If the desired wire diameter is 1.37 mm, what is the observed distance between the two tenth-order minima (one on each side of the central maximum)? Wire He-Ne laser L Figure 36-37 Problem 10. Wire-making machineAtoms have diameters of about 10-8 cm Can visible lightbe used to “see” an atom? Explain
- what happens to the ray of light (towards normal, away from normal, no refraction) as is passes through the curved surface in (a) example 1 (b) example 2. ExplainPhysics Many nocturnal animals demonstrate the phenomenon of eyeshine, in which their eyes glow various colors at night when illuminated by a flashlight or the headlights of a car (see the photo). Their eyes react this way because of a thin layer of reflective tissue called the tapetum lucidum that is located directly behind the retina. This tissue reflects the light back through the retina, which increases the available light that can activate photoreceptors, and thus improve the animal’s vision in low-light conditions. If we assume the tapetum lucidum acts like a concave spherical mirror with a radius of curvature of 0.750 cm, how far in front of the tapetum lucidum would an image form of an object located 30.0 cm away? Neglect the effects of the other structures of the eye, such as the cornea and lens.3) Since we are treating light as a particle, it is appropriate to consider a pool ball bouncing off the edges of a pool table as analogous to reflection of a light particle from a mirror. Consider the pool table and cue ball shown below. The table is 8' x 4' and the spacing between white marks along the outer cushion of the table is 1'. Imagine that you want to hit the cue ball in such a way as to hit the ball located near the top middle pocket. Based on the locations of the other balls, you determine that the only way to do this is to "double bank'" the ball off two sides as shown below. If estimate that you must hit the first side at a point 3 1/3 feet from the cue ball, determine the angle O which the cue ball will make as it is approaching the other ball. you 8' 1' 1' 100 C45 4' 53° Cue Ball 65° Mi 90 120° 3 1/3' data
