Foundations in Microbiology
10th Edition
ISBN: 9781259705212
Author: Kathleen Park Talaro, Barry Chess Instructor
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Textbook Question
Chapter 8.L2, Problem 7CT
7. What would be the expected pHs of the matrix and intermembrane space of the mitochondrion? What about the stroma and thylakoid lumen of the chloroplast? Explain your answers.
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What would be the expected pHs of the matrix and intermembranespace of the mitochondrion? What about the stroma and thylakoidlumen of the chloroplast? Explain your answers.
12. Use Figure 4 for questions a-c below.
114
ATP synthase
matrix
intermembrane space
Figure 4: Sketch of a mitochondrion
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Schema mitochondrion basic.svg
Bionet, CC BY-SA 4.0 , via Wikimedia Commons
a. Add to the sketch to show a H* concentration gradient in an active mitochondrion.
(Sketch more H* in the appropriate space. Sketch less H* in the appropriate space.)
4+
b. Sketch an arrow to represent the direction that protons flow (via diffusion) through
ATP synthase.
c. If the concentration of protons was equal on each side of the membrane, how would
that affect the flow of protons through ATP synthase? How would that affect ATP
production from glucose?
2. Functional mitochondria can be isolated from cells. These isolated mitochondria are
used to study oxidative phosphorylation and the import of proteins into the matrix.
In an appropriate buffer, isolated mitochondria will rupture to generate “mitoplasts"
in which the inner membrane remains intact but the outer membrane is lost.
Would you expect mitoplasts to support oxidative phosphorylation? Would you
expect mitoplasts to support import into the matrix? Explain.
Chapter 8 Solutions
Foundations in Microbiology
Ch. 8.1 - 1. Define metabolism and differentiate its two...Ch. 8.1 - Prob. 2ELOCh. 8.1 - 3. outline the prominent characteristics of...Ch. 8.1 - 4. Explain how enzymes lower the energy required...Ch. 8.1 - 5. Discuss enzyme structure, and interactions...Ch. 8.1 - 6. Describe the types of enzyme functions and...Ch. 8.1 - 7. Summarize key features of enzyme regulation.Ch. 8.1 - 1. Differentiate between catabolism and anabolism...Ch. 8.1 - 2. Describe 10 important biochemical properties of...Ch. 8.1 - 3. Describe the chemistry of enzymes, and explain...
Ch. 8.1 - 4. Show diagrammatically the interaction of...Ch. 8.1 - 5. Differentiate among the chemical composition...Ch. 8.1 - 6. Summarize the direct and indirect controls that...Ch. 8.2 - Prob. 8ELOCh. 8.2 - 9. Describe biological oxidation-reduction and...Ch. 8.2 - Prob. 10ELOCh. 8.2 - 7. Explain how oxidation of a substrate proceeds...Ch. 8.2 - 8. Refer to the blue redox equation for...Ch. 8.2 - 9. In the following redox pairs, which compound is...Ch. 8.2 - 10. a. Describe the roles played by ATP and NAD+...Ch. 8.2 - Prob. 11CYPCh. 8.2 - 12. What is meant by the concept of the “final...Ch. 8.3 - 11. Relate the main points of bioenergetics and...Ch. 8.3 - 12. Describe the main catabolic pathways and their...Ch. 8.3 - 13. Define glycolysis and explain its input and...Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 14ELOCh. 8.3 - 15. Describe the components of the respiratory...Ch. 8.3 - 16. Explain the chemiosmotic mechanism of ATP...Ch. 8.3 - 17. Summarize the results of aerobic respiration.Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 18ELOCh. 8.3 - 13. Describe the basic energy strategies of...Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 14CYPCh. 8.3 - 15. Outline the basic steps in glycolysis,...Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 16CYPCh. 8.3 - 17. What is the fate of NADH in a fermentative...Ch. 8.3 - 18. Summarize the chemiosmotic theory of ATP...Ch. 8.3 - 19. Haw many ATPs could theoretically be formed...Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 20CYPCh. 8.3 - 21. Name the sources of oxygen in bacteria that...Ch. 8.3 - 22. What are the final electron acceptors in...Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 23CYPCh. 8.4 - 19. Explain what is meant by the term fermentation...Ch. 8.4 - 20. Describe some of the processes of fermentation...Ch. 8.4 - 24. What adaptive advantages does a fermentative...Ch. 8.4 - 25. Describe three patterns of fermentation...Ch. 8.5 - 21. Explain how cells perform anabolic functions...Ch. 8.5 - 22. Identify major pathways where molecules can be...Ch. 8.5 - 23. Briefly describe several mechanisms in...Ch. 8.5 - 26. What is meant by amphibolism, and what are its...Ch. 8.5 - Prob. 27CYPCh. 8.5 - 28. Which macromolecules are synthesized by...Ch. 8.6 - 24. Outline the general reactions of...Ch. 8.6 - 25. Describe the pigment systems and how they...Ch. 8.6 - 26. Describe the main events in the...Ch. 8.6 - 27. Describe the main events in the...Ch. 8.6 - 29. Indicate whether each of the following is...Ch. 8.6 - Prob. 30CYPCh. 8.6 - 31. What are the functions of chlorophyll and the...Ch. 8.6 - Prob. 32CYPCh. 8.6 - 33. Compare oxygenic with nonoxygenic...Ch. 8.L1 - 1. ______ is another term for biosynthesis. a....Ch. 8.L1 - Prob. 2MCQCh. 8.L1 - 3. An enzyme ___________ the activation energy...Ch. 8.L1 - 4. An enzyme a. becomes part of the final products...Ch. 8.L1 - 5. An apoenzyme is where the ___________ is...Ch. 8.L1 - 6. Many coenzymes contain a. metals b. vitamins c....Ch. 8.L1 - 7. To digest cellulose in its environment, a...Ch. 8.L1 - 8. Energy in biological systems is primarily a....Ch. 8.L1 - 9. Energy is carried from catabolic to anabolic...Ch. 8.L1 - 10. Exergonic reactions a. release potential...Ch. 8.L1 - Prob. 11MCQCh. 8.L1 - Prob. 12MCQCh. 8.L1 - Prob. 13MCQCh. 8.L1 - 14. Fermentation of a glucose molecule has the...Ch. 8.L1 - Prob. 15MCQCh. 8.L1 - Prob. 16MCQCh. 8.L1 - 17. The FADH2 formed during the Krebs cycle enters...Ch. 8.L1 - 18. The proton motive force is the result of a....Ch. 8.L1 - Prob. 19MCQCh. 8.L1 - Prob. 20MCQCh. 8.L1 - 21. The oxygen produced by photosynthesis comes...Ch. 8.L1 - Prob. 22MCQCh. 8.L1 - Prob. 1CSRCh. 8.L1 - Prob. 2CSRCh. 8.L1 - Prob. 3CSRCh. 8.L1 - Prob. 1WCCh. 8.L1 - 2. Give the general name of the enzyme a. converts...Ch. 8.L1 - 3. Explain what is unique about the actions of ATP...Ch. 8.L1 - Prob. 4WCCh. 8.L1 - 5. Describe four requirements required for...Ch. 8.L1 - Prob. 6WCCh. 8.L1 - Prob. 7WCCh. 8.L1 - Prob. 8WCCh. 8.L2 - 1. Use the following graph to diagram the...Ch. 8.L2 - 2. Explain what is meant by the “biochemical...Ch. 8.L2 - 3. Explain how it is possible for certain microbes...Ch. 8.L2 - 4. Suggest the advantages of having metabolic...Ch. 8.L2 - 5. Two steps in glycolysis are catalyzed by...Ch. 8.L2 - 6. Beer production requires an early period of...Ch. 8.L2 - 7. What would be the expected pHs of the matrix...Ch. 8.L2 - 8. At which site in the mitochondrion and...Ch. 8.L2 - Prob. 9CTCh. 8.L2 - Prob. 10CTCh. 8.L2 - 1. From chapter 7. figure 7.11 (reproduced below)....Ch. 8.L2 - 2. Look at the two figure parts (a) and (b) from...
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- 1. What would be the effect on ATP production during chemiosmosis and oxidative phorphorylation, if the pH within the inner membrane space of the mitochondrion were decreased, assuming no effect of pH on the structure of proteins in the membrane? 2. What would be the effect on production of ATP from photosynthesis, assuming no effect on enzyme/protein stability, if the pH of the chloroplast stroma were lowered?arrow_forwardThe following diagrams illustrate the two aqueous spaces and the inner membrane of a mitochondrion. In which diagram is the relative concentration of protons auch that ATP synthesis could occur if ATP synthase were present? (Gold spheres represent protons.) 圈圈圈圈圈 A B D E OA OB OC OD OE intermembrane space Anner membrane matriearrow_forward18. The figures below illustrate the similarities between ATP synthesis in mitochondria and chloroplasts. Mitochondrion A NADH H,0 H* ΑΙΡ ADP Inner Mitochondrial Membrane ΔΔ Chloroplast H2O H+ NADP+ NADPH H*. AA ΑΙΡ ADP P; Thylakoid Membrane A Hydrogen ion O Electron The figures can best assist in answering which of the following questions? (A) Do electron transport chains create a gradient so that ATP synthase can generate ATP molecules? (B) What are the sources of energy that drive mitochondrial and chloroplast electron transport systems? (C) What is the optimal temperature at which ATP synthase chemically converts ADP and a phosphate group into one molecule of ATP? (D) What is the evolutionary relationship between the ATP synthase in mitochondria and the ATP synthase in chloroplasts?arrow_forward
- 2. Explain why the mitochondria displays a double membrane? Indicate the origin of each membrane.arrow_forward55. Would you expect to find more mitochondria in a muscle cell or a skin cell? Explain your answer.arrow_forward18. The figures below illustrate the similarities between ATP synthesis in mitochondria and chloroplasts. Mitochondrion NADH H,0 Δ H*. ATP ADP P; Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Chloroplast H,O NADP+ NADPH H* H+- ATP ADP Thylakoid Membrane A A Hydrogen ion O Electron The figures can best assist in answering which of the following questions? (A) Do electron transport chains create a gradient so that ATP synthase can generate ATP molecules? (B) What are the sources of energy that drive mitochondrial and chloroplast electron transport systems? (C) What is the optimal temperature at which ATP synthase chemically converts ADP and a phosphate group into one molecule of ATP? (D) What is the evolutionary relationship between the ATP synthase in mitochondria and the ATP synthase in chloroplasts? A +B + energy → AB 19. Which of the following best characterizes the reaction represented above? (A) Hydrolysis (B) Catabolism (C) Oxidationreduction (D) Exergonic reaction (E) Endergonic reactionarrow_forward
- It has been estimated that mitochondria occupy 20% of the volume in the human body. For a 70- kg adult, the average number of mitochondria has been estimated to be 1 × 10 (10,000 trillion). Using this information, provide a rough estimate of the average mass of a mitochondrion.arrow_forwardProtons move across the thylakoid membrane in both directions during the light reactions of photosynthesis...... 1. When protons move in to the thylakoid, are they moving up or down their concentration gradient? (From low to high concentration or from high to low concentration?) 2. Since protons are charged, they cannot freely diffuse across a plasma membrane. What protein(s) facilitate the transport of protons in to the thylakoid?arrow_forward17. Which of the following chemical formula summarizes cellular respiration? Group of answer choices 6CO2 + 6O2 + light energy 6H2O + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy C6H12O6 + 6O2 C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP C6H12O6 + 6H2O 6O2 + 6CO2 + ATParrow_forward
- The figure below shows an illustration of a mitochondrian. Mustration of a mitochondrion Which of the following best describes the relationship between the structure and function of the mitochondrion? A B с D The shape of the mitochondrion Increases its material-exchange efficiency by maximiz ing its overall volume relative to its surface area. The double-membrane structure of the mitochondrion allows it to maintain its relatively acidic environment in which nutrients can be digested. The folds of the mitochondrion Inner membrane increase its material-exchange effi- ciency by maximizing its surface area relative to its volume. The specific structure of the mitochondrion Inner membrane allows it to correctly guide the folding of proteins into their functional shape.arrow_forwardAs you learned in this chapter, cell membranes arc required for electron transfer phosphorylation. Thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts serve this purpose in photosynthetic eukaryotes. Prokaryotic cells do not have this organelle, but many are photosynthesizers. How do you think they carry out the light-dependent reactions, given that they have no chloroplasts?arrow_forwardThe main components of a mitochondrion are: Outer membrane O Thylakoid membrane O Cytosol O Inner membrane Grana O ATP Synthase for chemiosmosis Vacuole O Endoplasmic reticulum Stromaarrow_forward
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