A second chain propagation step in the given reaction has to be proposed. Concept introduction: Halogenation of alkanes : The replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by halogen. When alkanes is heated or irradiated with the light of specific wavelength, the alkyl halide are formed by radical chain reaction. Radical chain reaction: Initiation reaction: Chain propagation: Chain termination:

Question

Want to see the full answer?

Answer 1

Question

Formula Formula Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is the energy required to break a bond, making it an endothermic process. BDE is calculated for a particular bond and therefore consists of fragments such as radicals since it undergoes homolytic bond cleavage. For the homolysis of a X-Y molecule, the energy of bond dissociation is calculated as the difference in the total enthalpy of formation for the reactants and products. X-Y → X + Y BDE = Δ H f X + Δ H f Y – Δ H f X-Y where, ΔHf is the heat of formation.

Chapter 8, Problem 8.21P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A second chain propagation step in the given reaction has to be proposed.

Concept introduction:

Halogenation of alkanes: The replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by halogen. When alkanes is heated or irradiated with the light of specific wavelength, the alkyl halide are formed by radical chain reaction.

Radical chain reaction:

Initiation reaction:

Chain propagation:

Chain termination:

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Heat of the reaction, ΔH0 for each propagation step has to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Halogenation of alkanes: The replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by halogen. When alkanes is heated or irradiated with the light of specific wavelength, the alkyl halide are formed by radical chain reaction.

Radical chain reaction:

Initiation reaction:

Chain propagation:

Chain termination:

Bond dissociation energy is a measure of bond strength in a chemical bond.

It is a change in enthalpy of a homolysis reaction at absolute zero where a molecule is broken down into two free radicals.

ΔH0= ∑BDE(broken) − ∑ BDE(formed)

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The energies and relative rates of the set chain propagation steps in section 8.5B with given reaction has to be compared.

Concept introduction:

Halogenation of alkanes: The replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by halogen. When alkanes is heated or irradiated with the light of specific wavelength, the alkyl halide are formed by radical chain reaction.

Radical chain reaction:

Initiation reaction:

Chain propagation:

Chain termination:

Expert Solution & Answer

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Students have asked these similar questions

1. Sodium azide (NaN3) is the primary chemical substance used in automobile air bags. Upon impact, the decomposition of sodium azide is initiated to produce sodium metal and nitrogen gas which then inflates the bag. How many liters of nitrogen gas are produced at 1.15 atm and 30.0°C when 145.0 grams of sodium azide decomposes? 2. Calcium carbonate (such as that in limestone) reacts with aqueous hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide, aqueous calcium chloride and water. How many liters of carbon dioxide are produced at 20°C and 745 torr when 3.583 grams of calcium carbonate is dissolved in solution containing 1.550 grams of hydrochloric acid?

Show all work (where appropriate) for full credit. 1. Describe (steps, equipment and quantities) how to accurately prepare 250.0 mL of a 0.0075 M solution of NaCl (aq) from a 500 mL, 0.0500 M stock solution. 2. Describe (steps, equipment and quantities) how to accurately prepare 250.0 mL of a 0.0075 M solution of NaCl (aq) from 100 g of solid NaCl.

5. An unlabeled gas cylinder was recently found in the laboratory. A sample of the gas was removed and analyzed. A 500.0 mL sample of the gas at 15°C and a pressure of 736 mmHg was found to weigh 2.688 g. Determine the molar mass of the gas. What element is the gas?

Answer 2

Question

Formula Formula Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is the energy required to break a bond, making it an endothermic process. BDE is calculated for a particular bond and therefore consists of fragments such as radicals since it undergoes homolytic bond cleavage. For the homolysis of a X-Y molecule, the energy of bond dissociation is calculated as the difference in the total enthalpy of formation for the reactants and products. X-Y → X + Y BDE = Δ H f X + Δ H f Y – Δ H f X-Y where, ΔHf is the heat of formation.

Chapter 8, Problem 8.21P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A second chain propagation step in the given reaction has to be proposed.

Concept introduction:

Halogenation of alkanes: The replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by halogen. When alkanes is heated or irradiated with the light of specific wavelength, the alkyl halide are formed by radical chain reaction.

Radical chain reaction:

Initiation reaction:

Chain propagation:

Chain termination:

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Heat of the reaction, ΔH0 for each propagation step has to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Halogenation of alkanes: The replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by halogen. When alkanes is heated or irradiated with the light of specific wavelength, the alkyl halide are formed by radical chain reaction.

Radical chain reaction:

Initiation reaction:

Chain propagation:

Chain termination:

Bond dissociation energy is a measure of bond strength in a chemical bond.

It is a change in enthalpy of a homolysis reaction at absolute zero where a molecule is broken down into two free radicals.

ΔH0= ∑BDE(broken) − ∑ BDE(formed)

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The energies and relative rates of the set chain propagation steps in section 8.5B with given reaction has to be compared.

Concept introduction:

Halogenation of alkanes: The replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by halogen. When alkanes is heated or irradiated with the light of specific wavelength, the alkyl halide are formed by radical chain reaction.

Radical chain reaction:

Initiation reaction:

Chain propagation:

Chain termination:

Expert Solution & Answer

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 3

Question

Formula Formula Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is the energy required to break a bond, making it an endothermic process. BDE is calculated for a particular bond and therefore consists of fragments such as radicals since it undergoes homolytic bond cleavage. For the homolysis of a X-Y molecule, the energy of bond dissociation is calculated as the difference in the total enthalpy of formation for the reactants and products. X-Y → X + Y BDE = Δ H f X + Δ H f Y – Δ H f X-Y where, ΔHf is the heat of formation.

Chapter 8, Problem 8.21P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A second chain propagation step in the given reaction has to be proposed.

Concept introduction:

Halogenation of alkanes: The replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by halogen. When alkanes is heated or irradiated with the light of specific wavelength, the alkyl halide are formed by radical chain reaction.

Radical chain reaction:

Initiation reaction:

Chain propagation:

Chain termination:

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Heat of the reaction, ΔH0 for each propagation step has to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Halogenation of alkanes: The replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by halogen. When alkanes is heated or irradiated with the light of specific wavelength, the alkyl halide are formed by radical chain reaction.

Radical chain reaction:

Initiation reaction:

Chain propagation:

Chain termination:

Bond dissociation energy is a measure of bond strength in a chemical bond.

It is a change in enthalpy of a homolysis reaction at absolute zero where a molecule is broken down into two free radicals.

ΔH0= ∑BDE(broken) − ∑ BDE(formed)

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The energies and relative rates of the set chain propagation steps in section 8.5B with given reaction has to be compared.

Concept introduction:

Halogenation of alkanes: The replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by halogen. When alkanes is heated or irradiated with the light of specific wavelength, the alkyl halide are formed by radical chain reaction.

Radical chain reaction:

Initiation reaction:

Chain propagation:

Chain termination:

Expert Solution & Answer

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 4

Question

Formula Formula Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is the energy required to break a bond, making it an endothermic process. BDE is calculated for a particular bond and therefore consists of fragments such as radicals since it undergoes homolytic bond cleavage. For the homolysis of a X-Y molecule, the energy of bond dissociation is calculated as the difference in the total enthalpy of formation for the reactants and products. X-Y → X + Y BDE = Δ H f X + Δ H f Y – Δ H f X-Y where, ΔHf is the heat of formation.

Chapter 8, Problem 8.21P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A second chain propagation step in the given reaction has to be proposed.

Concept introduction:

Halogenation of alkanes: The replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by halogen. When alkanes is heated or irradiated with the light of specific wavelength, the alkyl halide are formed by radical chain reaction.

Radical chain reaction:

Initiation reaction:

Chain propagation:

Chain termination:

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Heat of the reaction, ΔH0 for each propagation step has to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Halogenation of alkanes: The replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by halogen. When alkanes is heated or irradiated with the light of specific wavelength, the alkyl halide are formed by radical chain reaction.

Radical chain reaction:

Initiation reaction:

Chain propagation:

Chain termination:

Bond dissociation energy is a measure of bond strength in a chemical bond.

It is a change in enthalpy of a homolysis reaction at absolute zero where a molecule is broken down into two free radicals.

ΔH0= ∑BDE(broken) − ∑ BDE(formed)

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The energies and relative rates of the set chain propagation steps in section 8.5B with given reaction has to be compared.

Concept introduction:

Halogenation of alkanes: The replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by halogen. When alkanes is heated or irradiated with the light of specific wavelength, the alkyl halide are formed by radical chain reaction.

Radical chain reaction:

Initiation reaction:

Chain propagation:

Chain termination:

Expert Solution & Answer

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 5

Chapter 8, Problem 8.21P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A second chain propagation step in the given reaction has to be proposed.

Concept introduction:

Halogenation of alkanes: The replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by halogen. When alkanes is heated or irradiated with the light of specific wavelength, the alkyl halide are formed by radical chain reaction.

Radical chain reaction:

Initiation reaction:

Chain propagation:

Chain termination:

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Heat of the reaction, ΔH0 for each propagation step has to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Halogenation of alkanes: The replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by halogen. When alkanes is heated or irradiated with the light of specific wavelength, the alkyl halide are formed by radical chain reaction.

Radical chain reaction:

Initiation reaction:

Chain propagation:

Chain termination:

Bond dissociation energy is a measure of bond strength in a chemical bond.

It is a change in enthalpy of a homolysis reaction at absolute zero where a molecule is broken down into two free radicals.

ΔH0= ∑BDE(broken) − ∑ BDE(formed)

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The energies and relative rates of the set chain propagation steps in section 8.5B with given reaction has to be compared.

Concept introduction:

Halogenation of alkanes: The replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by halogen. When alkanes is heated or irradiated with the light of specific wavelength, the alkyl halide are formed by radical chain reaction.

Radical chain reaction:

Initiation reaction:

Chain propagation:

Chain termination:

Answer 6

Chapter 8, Problem 8.21P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A second chain propagation step in the given reaction has to be proposed.

Concept introduction:

Halogenation of alkanes: The replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by halogen. When alkanes is heated or irradiated with the light of specific wavelength, the alkyl halide are formed by radical chain reaction.

Radical chain reaction:

Initiation reaction:

Chain propagation:

Chain termination:

Answer 7

Chapter 8, Problem 8.21P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A second chain propagation step in the given reaction has to be proposed.

Concept introduction:

Halogenation of alkanes: The replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by halogen. When alkanes is heated or irradiated with the light of specific wavelength, the alkyl halide are formed by radical chain reaction.

Radical chain reaction:

Initiation reaction:

Chain propagation:

Chain termination:

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Heat of the reaction, ΔH0 for each propagation step has to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Halogenation of alkanes: The replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by halogen. When alkanes is heated or irradiated with the light of specific wavelength, the alkyl halide are formed by radical chain reaction.

Radical chain reaction:

Initiation reaction:

Chain propagation:

Chain termination:

Bond dissociation energy is a measure of bond strength in a chemical bond.

It is a change in enthalpy of a homolysis reaction at absolute zero where a molecule is broken down into two free radicals.

ΔH0= ∑BDE(broken) − ∑ BDE(formed)

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Heat of the reaction, ΔH0 for each propagation step has to be calculated.

Concept introduction:

Halogenation of alkanes: The replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by halogen. When alkanes is heated or irradiated with the light of specific wavelength, the alkyl halide are formed by radical chain reaction.

Radical chain reaction:

Initiation reaction:

Chain propagation:

Chain termination:

Bond dissociation energy is a measure of bond strength in a chemical bond.

It is a change in enthalpy of a homolysis reaction at absolute zero where a molecule is broken down into two free radicals.

ΔH0= ∑BDE(broken) − ∑ BDE(formed)

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The energies and relative rates of the set chain propagation steps in section 8.5B with given reaction has to be compared.

Concept introduction:

Halogenation of alkanes: The replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by halogen. When alkanes is heated or irradiated with the light of specific wavelength, the alkyl halide are formed by radical chain reaction.

Radical chain reaction:

Initiation reaction:

Chain propagation:

Chain termination:

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The energies and relative rates of the set chain propagation steps in section 8.5B with given reaction has to be compared.

Concept introduction:

Halogenation of alkanes: The replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by halogen. When alkanes is heated or irradiated with the light of specific wavelength, the alkyl halide are formed by radical chain reaction.

Radical chain reaction:

Initiation reaction:

Chain propagation:

Chain termination:

Answer 12

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 13

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 14

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 15

Ch. 8.2 - Prob. 8.1P Ch. 8.4 - Name and draw structural formulas for all...Ch. 8.4 - Using the table of bond dissociation enthalpies in...Ch. 8.5 - Prob. 8.4P Ch. 8.6 - Given the solution to Example 8.5, predict the...Ch. 8.7 - Prob. 8.6P Ch. 8.7 - Linoleic acid is shown below. What makes this...Ch. 8.7 - Prob. BQ Ch. 8.7 - Prob. CQ Ch. 8.7 - The strength of the HO bond in vitamin E is weaker...

Solution Summary: The author introduces the concept of halogenation of alkanes, which involves the formation of radicals from non-radical species.

Concept explainers

Want to see the full answer?

Chapter 8 Solutions