Microbiology: An Introduction (13th Edition)
13th Edition
ISBN: 9780134605180
Author: Gerard J. Tortora, Berdell R. Funke, Christine L. Case, Derek Weber, Warner Bair
Publisher: PEARSON
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Videos
Textbook Question
Chapter 8, Problem 3CAE
Human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) is common in parts of Africa, the Middle East, and the Mediterranean, but is rare elsewhere except in AIDS patients. Genetic analyses indicate that the African strain is not changing, whereas the Western strain is accumulating changes. Using the portions of the HHV-8 genomes (shown below) that encode one of the viral proteins, how similar are these two viruses? What mechanism can account for the changes? What disease does HHV-8 cause?
| Western | 3′-ATGGAGTICTICTGGACAAGA |
| African | 3′-ATAAACmCTIGACAACG |
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Students have asked these similar questions
Coronaviruses have a positive-sense single stranded RNA genome.
a.) What is the genome replication strategy of this category of viruses?
b.) How do you think this feature affects the stability of the viral genome? (hint use figure below)
Mutation rates in different types of viruses. Estimates obtained for viruses belonging to the major indicated groups are shown as a function of genome size. This reveals an effect of genetic material (RNA/DNA) and genome size on viral mutation rates.
As a general rule, viruses are not considered to be alive based on several reasons. One such reason is that some viruses use RNA as their genetic material instead of DNA. Which of the five biological themes does this violate? Briefly explain why.
List three differences between the structure of HIV and the virus that causes influenza. For one of these differences, explain how the STRUCTURE is key to the FUNCTION of the virus.
Chapter 8 Solutions
Microbiology: An Introduction (13th Edition)
Ch. 8 - Briefly describe the components of DNA, and...Ch. 8 - DRAW IT Identify and mark each of the following on...Ch. 8 - Match the following examples of mutagens. Column A...Ch. 8 - The following is a code for a strand of DNA. a....Ch. 8 - Prob. 5RCh. 8 - Identify when (before transcription, after...Ch. 8 - Which sequence is the best target for damage by UV...Ch. 8 - You are provided with cultures with the following...Ch. 8 - Why are mutation and recombination important in...Ch. 8 - NAME IT Normally a commensal in the human...
Ch. 8 - Match the following terms to the definitions in...Ch. 8 - Match the following terms to the definitions in...Ch. 8 - Feedback inhibition differs from repression...Ch. 8 - Bacteria can acquire antibiotic resistance by all...Ch. 8 - Suppose you inoculate three flasks of minimal...Ch. 8 - Plasmids differ from transposons in that plasmids...Ch. 8 - Mechanism by which the presence of glucose...Ch. 8 - The mechanism by which lactose controls the lac...Ch. 8 - Two offspring cells are most likely to inherit...Ch. 8 - Which of the following is not a method of...Ch. 8 - Nucleoside analogs and ionizing radiation are used...Ch. 8 - Replication of the E. coli chromosome takes 40 to...Ch. 8 - Pseudomonas has a plasmid containing the mer...Ch. 8 - Ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, and acyclovir are...Ch. 8 - HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, was isolated from...Ch. 8 - Human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) is common in parts of...
Additional Science Textbook Solutions
Find more solutions based on key concepts
Figure 11.6 Label the features of the skin.
Laboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & Physiology
1. The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is
A. (a) organ, organ system, cellular, che...
Human Anatomy & Physiology (Marieb, Human Anatomy & Physiology) Standalone Book
Why are mutants used as test organisms in the Ames test?
Laboratory Experiments in Microbiology (11th Edition)
Why is it necessary to be in a pressurized cabin when flying at 30,000 feet?
Anatomy & Physiology
6. How can you use the features found in each chapter?
Human Anatomy & Physiology
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- For the mutations described below, categorize them in each of the following ways: [transition, transversion, insertion, or deletion]; [synonymous, missense, nonsense, frameshift, or regulatory]; [beneficial, deleterious, or neutral] A mutation in the SARS-CoV2 virus changes a codon in the gene encoding the spike protein from AAG to AAC. This mutation increases the ability of the virus to spread from person to person. Becker muscular dystrophy results in progressive wasting of skeletal and heart muscle tissue. A patient is found to have a mutation in the dystrophin gene (DMD) in the first nucleotide of intron 25. Normally, a G is in this position, but the patient has an A. Fur color in house cats is affected by several genes that encode pigment-producing enzymes. One such gene is found to have an additional C after position 45 in orange cats but not in black cats.arrow_forwardSome retroviruses that have a wide host range have been developed for use in treatment of diseases or syndromes. These viruses do not result in a productive infection because they lack critical genes for viral replication, but they do carry DNA sequences that allow them to be packaged into infectious particles. Once in the host cell the viral DNA is released and integrates into the cell's genome. The advantage to this strategy is that the delivery of the DNA is very efficient. What is one possible problem of using a virus that can integrate into the human nuclear genome? Multiple Choice The virus carries genes that will interfere with host cell activities. The viral DNA sequences could still cause a disease. Since the viral DNA sequences no longer contain essential genes for viral replication the host cell may not be able to replicate either. The integration could disrupt an essential gene or genes.arrow_forwardEpidemiologists at the CDC in Atlanta, GA, have called you in to investigate an increased incidence of leukemia in a remote region of Africa. Shortly after you arrive, an RNA virus was isolated from patients and found to induce leukemia in mice. At this point, you don't know the viral gene product or the mechanism that causes development of leukemia. One of your lab assistants has isolated a variant of the virus that is missing 20% of the genome of the original virus and does not induce leukemia in mice. a) How would you determine which portion of the genome is associated with the development of leukemia? b) How would you determine the viral product or mechanism associated with the development of leukemia?arrow_forward
- Viruses are made up of the same biomolecules as cellular organisms (DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, etc.), which are synthesized through enzymatic dehydration reactions from building blocks and disassembled by enzymatic hydrolysis. They infect cells and replicate themselves using resources from the host cells. Scientists discovered a previously unknown strain of virus in the tropical Pacific Ocean and it can infect higher-order eukaryotes. Initial analysis revealed that the virus is mainly composed of nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Chemical analysis after complete hydrolysis revealed the following building blocks (by weight): Chemical components Nucleosides Amino acids Lipids, phosphates, and carbohydrates Percentage by weight 20 30 50 Analysis of percentages of nucleosides yielded the following results (by molar ratio): Nucleosides A G T C U Percentage by mole 19 29 19 29 4 Which of the following events mostly involves hydrolysis reaction after the virus infects…arrow_forwardSyn5 is a virus that infects photosynthetic bacteria belonging to the genus Synechococcus. The Syn5 virion is icosahedral (660 Å in diameter) with a short tail and an appendage called a horn. The horn is located on a vertex directly opposite the tail. Syn5 follows the typical five steps observed for most viruses when they multiply, and progeny viruses are released when the host lyses. The assembly of Syn5 virions involves several proteins, including capsid proteins, scaffolding proteins, a portal protein, a terminase, tail proteins, and horn proteins. To better understand the assembly of Syn5 virions, scientists used a type of microscopy called Zernike phase contrast electron cryotomography. This type of microscopy improves the contrast typically seen for conventional cryotomography. In their studies, the scientists observed several different developing virus particles in infected cells. The particles were: (1) 660 Å icosahedron containing DNA and having a tail; (2) 660 Å icosahedron…arrow_forwardThe genome of a retrovirus can integrate into the host cell genome. What gene is unique to retroviruses, and why is the protein encoded by this gene absolutely necessary for maintaining the retroviral life cycle?arrow_forward
- For the mutations described below, categorize them in each of the following ways: [transition, transversion, insertion, or deletion]; [synonymous, missense, nonsense, frameshift, or regulatory]; [beneficial, deleterious, or neutral] a. A mutation in the SARS-CoV2 virus changes a codon in the gene encoding the spike protein from AAG to AAC. This mutation increases the ability of the virus to spread from person to person. b. Becker muscular dystrophy results in progressive wasting of skeletal and heart muscle tissue. A patient is found to have a mutation in the dystrophin gene (DMD) in the first nucleotide of intron 25. Normally, a G is in this position, but the patient has an A. c. Fur color in house cats is affected by several genes that encode pigment-producing enzymes. One such gene is found to have an additional C after position 45 in orange cats but not in black cats.arrow_forwardWhat is the structure of the influenza virus? What are its unique characteristicsarrow_forwardMost humans are not easily infected by avian influenza. How, then, do DNA sequences from avian influenza become incorporated into human influenza?arrow_forward
- A particular animal virus requires the use of DNA polymerase from its host, since it does not possess its own DNA polymerase enzyme. Which of the following assumptions in A-D would likely be correct regarding this virus? A) O This virus could not be a retrovirus type. B) OIt could be a (-) ss RNA virus. C) O It could be a (+) ss RNA virus. D) O The vVirus life cycle very likely includes going to the host cell nucleus. E) O All ofA-D are correct assumptions.arrow_forwardViruses are made up of the same biomolecules as cellular organisms (DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, etc.). They infect cells and replicate themselves using resources from the host cells. Scientists discovered a previously unknown strain of virus in the tropical Pacific Ocean and it can infect higher-order eukaryotes. Initial analysis revealed that the virus is mainly composed of nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Chemical analysis after complete hydrolysis revealed the following building blocks (by weight): Chemical components Nucleosides Amino acids Lipids, phosphates, and carbohydrates Percentage by weight 20 30 50 Analysis of percentages of nucleosides yielded the following results (by molar ratio): Nucleosides A G T C U Percentage by mole 19 29 19 29 4 Researchers determined that the lipids found in the virus form a bilayer membrane surrounding the virus, and are obtained from the membrane of the host cell during virus maturation and exit from host cell. Further…arrow_forwardThe table below shows the properties of the genomes of three different viruses. The data were obtained as follows: Nuclease sensitivity was measured by the ability of deoxyribonuclease (DNase) or ribonuclease (RNase) to destroy the genome (a “+" means sensitivity). The ability of the genome to act as mRNA was tested by incubating it in a cell-free system. If amino acids were incorporated into protein, the data are shown as a Finally, the virus particles were tested for the presence of a virion polymerase. If an enzyme was present, the data show whether it could polymerize deoxynucleotide triphosphates (DNTPS) or nucleoside triphosphates (NTPS). "+. Genome Properties Nuclease Virion Can Genome Sensitivity? Polymerase? Be an mRNA? Virus DNase RNase With With DNTPS NTPS #1 - - #2 - - #3 For each virus, indicate the strategy of the genome, using the Baltimore classification. What is the nature of the product of the virion polymerase when present? + + + + + +arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)BiologyISBN:9780134580999Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. HoehnPublisher:PEARSON
Biology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStax
Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781259398629Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa StouterPublisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)BiologyISBN:9780815344322Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter WalterPublisher:W. W. Norton & Company
Laboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781260159363Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, CynthiaPublisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.
Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)BiologyISBN:9781260231700Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael WindelspechtPublisher:McGraw Hill Education
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:PEARSON
Biology 2e
Biology
ISBN:9781947172517
Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark
Publisher:OpenStax
Anatomy & Physiology
Biology
ISBN:9781259398629
Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa Stouter
Publisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9780815344322
Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter
Publisher:W. W. Norton & Company
Laboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & Physiology
Biology
ISBN:9781260159363
Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, Cynthia
Publisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.
Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9781260231700
Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael Windelspecht
Publisher:McGraw Hill Education
What Is A Virus ? ; Author: Peekaboo Kidz;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YS7vsBgWszI;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY