Universe: Stars And Galaxies
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781319115098
Author: Roger Freedman, Robert Geller, William J. Kaufmann
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Chapter 8, Problem 20Q
To determine
(a)
The diameter of the disk in au.
To determine
(b)
The volume of the disk.
To determine
(c)
The number of hydrogen atoms in the disk.
To determine
(d)
The number of atoms per cubic meter in the disk and to check whether the disc material is thick or thin compared to the air that one breathes.
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Next you will (1) convert your measurement of the semi-major axis from arcseconds to AU, (2) convert your measurement of the period from days to years, and (3) calculate the mass of the planet using Newton's form of Kepler's Third Law.
Use Stellarium to find the distance to the planet when Skynet took any of your images, in AU. Answer: 4.322 AU
Use this equation to determine a conversion factor from 1 arcsecond to AU at the planet's distance. You will need to convert ? = 1 arcsecond to degrees first. Answer: 2.096e-5 AU
(2 x 3.14 x 4.322 x (.000278/360) = 2.096e-5)
Next, use this number to convert your measurement of the moon's orbital semi-major axis from arcseconds to AU.
A) Calculate a in AU.
B) Convert your measurement of the moon's orbital period from days to years.
C) By Newton's form of Kepler's third law, calculate the mass of the planet.
D) Finally, convert the planet's mass to Earth masses: 1 solar mass = 333,000 Earth masses.
1. These images were taken six months apart, first when Earth was as far to one side of Alpha Centauri as it can get and again when Earth was as far to the other side of Alpha Centauri as it can get. Consequently, the baseline between the two observing positions is how many AU across? Answer: 1.7 arcsec
USE 1.7 arcsec NOT 2.946
2. First, convert this to kilometers using your measurement of how many kilometers are in an AU.
3. Now convert the baseline to kilometers using the true value for the number of kilometers in an AU.
4. Calculate the distance to Alpha Centauri using parallax and the true baseline in kilometers.
5. Google and record the true value.
6. Calculate your percent error
7. Discuss significant sources of error
Fill in the blank spaces with the correct answers:
Approximately how many stars are visible with the naked eye in the night sky?
(1)
Where in the night sky can you observe the famous double star system Mizar and Alcor?
(2)
What kind of celestial object is Neowise C/2020 F3 and what makes it special?
(3)
Which very intense meteor shower is taking place annually in December?
(4)
What are the names of the following three well-known constellations?
(5)
(6).
(7)
Chapter 8 Solutions
Universe: Stars And Galaxies
Ch. 8 - Prob. 1QCh. 8 - Prob. 2QCh. 8 - Prob. 3QCh. 8 - Prob. 4QCh. 8 - Prob. 5QCh. 8 - Prob. 6QCh. 8 - Prob. 7QCh. 8 - Prob. 8QCh. 8 - Prob. 9QCh. 8 - Prob. 10Q
Ch. 8 - Prob. 11QCh. 8 - Prob. 12QCh. 8 - Prob. 13QCh. 8 - Prob. 14QCh. 8 - Prob. 15QCh. 8 - Prob. 16QCh. 8 - Prob. 17QCh. 8 - Prob. 18QCh. 8 - Prob. 19QCh. 8 - Prob. 20QCh. 8 - Prob. 21QCh. 8 - Prob. 22QCh. 8 - Prob. 23QCh. 8 - Prob. 24QCh. 8 - Prob. 25QCh. 8 - Prob. 26QCh. 8 - Prob. 27QCh. 8 - Prob. 28QCh. 8 - Prob. 29QCh. 8 - Prob. 30QCh. 8 - Prob. 31QCh. 8 - Prob. 32QCh. 8 - Prob. 33QCh. 8 - Prob. 34QCh. 8 - Prob. 35QCh. 8 - Prob. 36QCh. 8 - Prob. 37QCh. 8 - Prob. 38QCh. 8 - Prob. 39QCh. 8 - Prob. 40QCh. 8 - Prob. 41QCh. 8 - Prob. 42QCh. 8 - Prob. 43QCh. 8 - Prob. 44QCh. 8 - Prob. 45QCh. 8 - Prob. 46QCh. 8 - Prob. 47QCh. 8 - Prob. 48QCh. 8 - Prob. 49QCh. 8 - Prob. 50QCh. 8 - Prob. 51QCh. 8 - Prob. 52Q
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- If you observed the Solar System from the nearest star (distance = 1.3 parsecs), what would the maximum angular separation be between Earth and the Sun? (Note: 1 pc is 2.1105 AU.) (Hint: Use the small-angle formula in Reasoning with Numbers 3-1.)arrow_forwardUsing a 8-m reflector telescope on Mars, what is the maximum distance we could measure using stellar parallax?arrow_forwardConsider the attached light curve for a transiting planet observed by the Kepler mission. If the host star is identical to the sun, what is the radius of this planet? Give your answer in terms of the radius of Jupiter. Brightness of Star Residual Flux 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.006 0.002 0.000 -8-881 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0.00 Time (days) → 0.02 0.04 0.06arrow_forward
- Venus can be as bright as apparent magnitude -4.7 when at a distance of about 1AU. How many times fainter would Venus look from a distance of 7pc? Assume Venus has the same illumination phase from your new vantage point. (Hint: Recall the inverse square law; also, review the definition of apparent visual magnitudes. Note: 1 pc = 2.1 x 10^5 AU _______ times fainter what would it's apparently magnitude be? _______arrow_forwardApproximately how many stars are visible with the naked eye in the night sky? (1) Where in the night sky can you observe the famous double star system Mizar and Alcor? (2). What kind of celestial object is Neowise C/2020 F3 and what makes it special? (3). Which very intense meteor shower is taking place annually in December? (4). What are the names of the following three well-known constellations? (5) (7). (6)arrow_forwardUse this light curve of a star with a transiting exoplanet to answer the following. If the exoplanet is orbiting a star identical to our own Sun, what is its average orbital distance, in AU? What is the period in years of the transiting exoplanet? Use this light curve of a star with a transiting exoplanet to answer the following questions. Brightness 0 V V V B 5 10 15 20 Time (months) 25 30 35arrow_forward
- Part 3 1. The diameter of the Sun is 1,391,400 km. The diameter of the Moon is 3,474.8 km. Find the ratio, r= Dsa/Dsvan between the sizes. 2. From the point of view of an obs erver on Eanth (consider the Earth as a point-like object), during the eclipse, the Moon covers the Sun exactly. Sketch a picture to illustrate this fact. Use a nuler to get a straight line. Your drawing does not need to be in scale. 3. The Sun is 1 Astronomical Unit (AU) away from the Earth. Find the distance between the Earth and the Moon in AU's using the ratio of similar triangles. Show your work. DEM= AU. Convert this to kilometers. Use 1 AU = 149,600,000 km. DEM = km.arrow_forwardThe International Space Station is about 90 meters across and about 380 kilometers away. One night it appears to be the same angular size as Jupiter. Jupiter is 143,000 km in size. Use S = r x a to figure out how far away Jupiter is in AU. Note 1 AU = 1.5 x 108 kmarrow_forwardWhite Dwarf Size II. The white dwarf, Sirius B, contains 0.98 solar mass, and its density is about 2 x 106 g/cm?. Find the radius of the white dwarf in km to three significant digits. (Hint: Density = mass/volume, and the volume of a 4 sphere is Tr.) 3 km Compare your answer with the radii of the planets listed in the Table A-10. Which planet is this white dwarf is closely equal to in size? I Table A-10 I Properties of the Planets ORBITAL PROPERTIES Semimajor Axis (a) Orbital Period (P) Average Orbital Velocity (km/s) Orbital Inclination Planet (AU) (106 km) (v) (days) Eccentricity to Ecliptic Mercury 0.387 57.9 0.241 88.0 47.9 0.206 7.0° Venus 0.723 108 0.615 224.7 35.0 0.007 3.4° Earth 1.00 150 1.00 365.3 29.8 0.017 Mars 1.52 228 1.88 687.0 24.1 0.093 1.8° Jupiter 5.20 779 11.9 4332 13.1 0.049 1.30 Saturn 9.58 1433 29.5 10,759 9.7 0.056 2.5° 30,799 60,190 Uranus 19.23 2877 84.3 6.8 0.044 0.8° Neptune * By definition. 30.10 4503 164.8 5.4 0.011 1.8° PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (Earth = e)…arrow_forward
- 3.6 A spacecraft is approaching Venus with V = 10 km/s and b = 10,000 km. What will be the periapsis radius at Venus? Solution: 7266 km.arrow_forwardGiven that an astronomical unit is 1.5x10® kilometers and a light-year is about 1013 kilometers, how many AU are in a light-year?arrow_forwardIf the red glow around Antares is indeed produced by reflection of the light from Antares by dust, what does its red appearance tell you about the likely temperature of Antares? Look up the spectral type of Antares in Appendix J. Was your estimate of the temperature about right? In most of the images in this chapter, a red glow is associated with ionized hydrogen. Would you expect to find an H II region around Antares? Explain your answer.arrow_forward
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