Purchases made at small “corner stores” were studied by the authors of the paper “Changes in Quantity, Spending, and Nutritional Characteristics of Adult, Adolescent and Child Urban Corner Store Purchases After an Environmental Intervention” (Preventive Medicine [2015]: 81–85). Corner stores were defined as stores that are less than 200 square feet in size, have only one cash register, and primarily sell food. After observing a large number of corner store purchases in Philadelphia, the authors reported that the average number of grams of fat in a corner store purchase was 21.1. Suppose that the variable x = number of grams of fat in a corner store purchase has a distribution that is approximately normal with a mean of 21.1 grams and a standard deviation of 7 grams.
- a. What is the
probability that a randomly selected corner store purchase has more than 30 grams of fat? - b. What is the probability that a randomly selected comer store purchase has between 15 and 25 grams of fat?
- c. If two corner store purchases are randomly selected, what is the probability that both of these purchases will have more than 25 grams of fat?
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Chapter 7 Solutions
Introduction To Statistics And Data Analysis
- Urban Travel Times Population of cities and driving times are related, as shown in the accompanying table, which shows the 1960 population N, in thousands, for several cities, together with the average time T, in minutes, sent by residents driving to work. City Population N Driving time T Los Angeles 6489 16.8 Pittsburgh 1804 12.6 Washington 1808 14.3 Hutchinson 38 6.1 Nashville 347 10.8 Tallahassee 48 7.3 An analysis of these data, along with data from 17 other cities in the United States and Canada, led to a power model of average driving time as a function of population. a Construct a power model of driving time in minutes as a function of population measured in thousands b Is average driving time in Pittsburgh more or less than would be expected from its population? c If you wish to move to a smaller city to reduce your average driving time to work by 25, how much smaller should the city be?arrow_forwardAmong the literature on quitting smoking are data detailing the relative successfulness of people of different ages in quitting smoking. A study of 400 adults who began various smoking-cessation programs produced the data in the table below. In the table, each participant is classified according to two variables: length of their smoking cessation period ("Less than two weeks", "Between two weeks and one year", or "At least one year") and age ("21-34", or "35 and over"). In the table, "less than two weeks" means that the individual returned to smoking within two weeks of beginning the program; "between two weeks and one year" means that the individual lasted the first two weeks without smoking but retuned to smoking within a year; and "at least one year" means that the individual has not smoked for at least a year since beginning the program. The table is a contingency table whose cells contain the respective observed frequencies of classifications of the 400 smokers. In addition, three…arrow_forwardIn an article "Shelf-Space Strategy in Retailing", published in Proceedings: Southern Marketing Association, the effect of shelf height on the supermarket sales of canned dog food is investigated. An experiment was conducted at a small supermarket for a period of 8 days on the sales of a single brand of dog food, referred to as Arf dog food, involving three levels of shelf height: knee level, waist level, and eye level. During each day, the shelf height of the canned dog food was randomly changed on three different occasions. The remaining sections of the gondola that housed the given brand were filled with a mixture of dog food brands that were both familiar and unfamiliar to customers in this geographic area. Sales, in hundreds of dollars, of Arf dog food per day for the three shelf heights are given. Based on the data, is there a significant difference in the average daily sales of this dog food based on shelf height? Use a 0.01 level of significance. Knee Level 77 82 86 78 81 86 77…arrow_forward
- In an article Shelf-Space Strategy in Retailing, published in the Proceedings: Southern Marketing Association, the effect of shelf height on the supermarket sales of canned dog food is investigated. An experiment was conducted at a small supermarket for a period of 8 days on the sales of a single brand of clog food, referred to as Arf dog food, involving three levels of shelf height: knee level, waist level, and eye level. During each day the shelf height of the canned clog food was randomly changed on three different occasions. The remaining sections of the gondola that housed the given brand were filled with a mixture of dog food brands that were both familiar and unfamiliar to customers in this particular geographic area. Sales, in hundreds of dollars, of Arf dog food per day for the three shelf heights are as follows: Shelf Height Knee Level Waist Level 88 Eye Level 77 85 82 94 85 86 93 90 87 78 81 81 91 80 86 94 79 77 90 87 81 87 93 Is there a significant difference in the average…arrow_forwardAmong the literature on quitting smoking are data detailing the relative successfulness of people of different ages in quitting smoking. A study of 400 adults who began various smoking-cessation programs produced the data in the table below. In the table, each participant is classified according to two variables: length of their smoking cessation period ("Less than two weeks", "Between two weeks and one year", or "At least one year") and age ("21-34", or "35 and over"). In the table, "less than two weeks" means that the individual returned to smoking within two weeks of beginning the program; "between two weeks and one year" means that the individual lasted the first two weeks without smoking but retuned to smoking within a year; and "at least one year" means that the individual has not smoked for at least a year since beginning the program. The table is a contingency table whose cells contain the respective observed frequencies of classifications of the 400 smokers. In addition, three…arrow_forwardThe effect of aid is a subject of considerable academic and policy interest. In this question we examine the relationship between foreign aid and civil conflict using a recent paper by Crost et al. (2014) in the Philippines. The authors collect data on civil conflict related incidents at the municipality level as well as information on aid receipts at the municipality level. The conflict data was collected from the Philippine military and provides casualty counts (as well as the party responsible) by municipality. Aid in this context refers to a large anti-poverty program (the KALAHI-CIDSS) funded by the World Bank and run from 2003-2008. The program provided cash grants to municipalities to build infrastructure such as roads, water-systems, clinics and schools. The grants were fairly large and accounted for approximately 15% of the annual budget for the average municipality. (a) Let Yi denote the number of conflict casualties in municipality i in a given timeperiod after the…arrow_forward
- In the book Business Research Methods (5th ed.), Donald R. Cooper and C. William Emory discuss studying the relationship between on-the-job accidents and smoking. Cooper and Emory describe the study as follows: Suppose a manager implementing a smoke-free workplace policy is interested in whether smoking affects worker accidents. Since the company has complete reports of on-the-job accidents, she draws a sample of names of workers who were involved in accidents during the last year. A similar sample from among workers who had no reported accidents in the last year is drawn. She interviews members of both groups to determine if they are smokers or not. The sample results are given in the following table. On-the-Job Accident Smoker Yes No Row Total Heavy 12 5 17 Moderate 9 10 19 Nonsmoker 13 17 30 Column total 34 32 66 Expected counts are below observed counts Accident No Accident Total Heavy 12 5 17 8.76 8.24…arrow_forwardIn the book Business Research Methods (5th ed.), Donald R. Cooper and C. William Emory discuss studying the relationship between on-the-job accidents and smoking. Cooper and Emory describe the study as follows: Suppose a manager implementing a smoke-free workplace policy is interested in whether smoking affects worker accidents. Since the company has complete reports of on-the-job accidents, she draws a sample of names of workers who were involved in accidents during the last year. A similar sample from among workers who had no reported accidents in the last year is drawn. She interviews members of both groups to determine if they are smokers or not. The sample results are given in the following table. On-the-Job Accident Smoker Heavy Moderate Yes No Row Total 12 17 9 13 34 10 19 30 Nonsmoker 17 Column total 32 66 Expected counts are below observed counts Total 17 Accident No Accident Нeavy 12 -5 8.76 8.24 10 9.21 Moderate 19 9.79 Nonsmoker 13 17 30 15.45 14.55 32 Total 34 66 Chi-Sq =…arrow_forward4. Medicinal value of plants. Sea buckthorn (Hippophae), a plant that typically grows at high altitudes in Europe and Asia, has been found to have medicinal value. The medicinal properties of berries collected from sea buckthorn were investigated in Academia Journal of Medicinal Plants (Aug. 2013). The following variables were measured for each plant sampled. Identify each as producing quantitative or qualitative data. Species of sea buckthorn (H. rhamnoides, H. gyantsensis, H. neurocarpa, H. tibetana, or H. salicifolia) Altitude of collection location (meters) Total flavonoid content in berries (milligrams per gram) а. b. с.arrow_forward
- What is the step-step solution to this problem? Does posting calorie content for menu items affect people’s choices in fast-food restaurants? According to results obtained by Elbel, Gyamfi, and Kersh (2011), the answer is no. The researchers monitored the calorie content of food purchases for children and adolescents in four large fast-food chains before and after mandatory labeling began in New York City. Although most of the adolescents reported noticing the calorie labels, apparently the labels had no effect on their choices. Data similar to the results obtained show an average of M = 786 calories per meal with s = 85 for n = 100 children and adolescents before the labeling, compared to an average of M = 772 calories with s = 91 for a similar sample of n = 100 after the mandatory posting. Use a two-tailed test with a α .05 to determine whether the mean number of calories after the posting is significantly different than before calorie content was posted. 3. Calculate r 2 to…arrow_forwardWhich of the following types of Clinical Effectiveness Research methods is particularly useful in predicting long-term outcomes for public health interventions? A. Large pragmatic clinical trials OB. Observational studies OC. Systematic reviews D. Decision analysis modelsarrow_forwardRock Sparrows. Rock Sparrows breeding in northern Italy are the subject of a long-term ecology and conservation study due to their wide variety of breeding patterns. Both males and females have a yellow patch on their breasts that is thought to play a significant role in their sexual behavior. A. Pilastro et al. conducted an experiment in which they increased or reduced the size of a female’s breast patch by dying feathers at the edge of a patch and then observed several characteristics of the behavior of the male. Their results were published in the paper “Male Rock Sparrows Adjust Their Breeding Strategy According to Female Ornamentation: Parental or Mating Investment?” (Animal Behaviour,Vol. 66, Issue 2, pp. 265–271). Eight mating pairs were observed in each of three groups: a reduced-patch-size group, a control group, and an enlarged-patch-size group. The data on the WeissStats site, based on the results reported by the researchers, give the number of minutes per hour that males…arrow_forward
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