Understanding Our Universe
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9780393614428
Author: PALEN, Stacy, Kay, Laura, Blumenthal, George (george Ray)
Publisher: W.w. Norton & Company,
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Chapter 7, Problem 7QAP
To determine
The reason for pinkish atmosphere of Mars.
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Since Mars has an atmosphere and it is composed mostly of a greenhouse gas, why isn't there a significant greenhouse
effect to warm its surface?
Question 2: Planet Mars
Planetary Attribute
Albedo
Radius
Gravitational acceleration
Mean distance from sun
Surface pressure
Symbol
a
R (km)
g (m/s²)
D (km)
Po (kPa)
Earth
0.29
6378
9.8
150 x 106
101
Mars
0.25
3395
3.7
228 x 106
0.6
(a) Calculate an appropriate value for shortwave solar radiation (SM) incident at the top of the
Martian atmosphere (answer in W/m²). The corresponding value for Earth, SE = 1360 W/m².
(b) Estimate the average surface temperature on Mars (answer in degrees Kelvin) using a
suitable radiative energy balance. The greenhouse effect can be neglected for Mars.
(c) Estimate the mass of the Martian atmosphere (answer in kg).
Venus' exosphere has a temperature of about 404 K. What is the thermal speed of hydrogen (in km/s) in Venus' exosphere? The mass of a hydrogen atom is 1.67 x 10-27 kg and Boltzmann's constant is k = 1.38 × 10-23 Joule/Kelvin.
Chapter 7 Solutions
Understanding Our Universe
Ch. 7.1 - Prob. 7.1CYUCh. 7.2 - Prob. 7.2CYUCh. 7.3 - Prob. 7.3CYUCh. 7.4 - Prob. 7.4CYUCh. 7.5 - Prob. 7.5CYUCh. 7 - Prob. 1QAPCh. 7 - Prob. 2QAPCh. 7 - Prob. 3QAPCh. 7 - Prob. 4QAPCh. 7 - Prob. 5QAP
Ch. 7 - Prob. 6QAPCh. 7 - Prob. 7QAPCh. 7 - Prob. 8QAPCh. 7 - Prob. 9QAPCh. 7 - Prob. 10QAPCh. 7 - Prob. 11QAPCh. 7 - Prob. 12QAPCh. 7 - Prob. 13QAPCh. 7 - Prob. 14QAPCh. 7 - Prob. 15QAPCh. 7 - Prob. 16QAPCh. 7 - Prob. 17QAPCh. 7 - Prob. 18QAPCh. 7 - Prob. 19QAPCh. 7 - Prob. 20QAPCh. 7 - Prob. 21QAPCh. 7 - Prob. 22QAPCh. 7 - Prob. 23QAPCh. 7 - Prob. 24QAPCh. 7 - Prob. 25QAPCh. 7 - Prob. 26QAPCh. 7 - Prob. 27QAPCh. 7 - Prob. 28QAPCh. 7 - Prob. 29QAPCh. 7 - Prob. 30QAPCh. 7 - Prob. 31QAPCh. 7 - Prob. 32QAPCh. 7 - Prob. 33QAPCh. 7 - Prob. 34QAPCh. 7 - Prob. 35QAPCh. 7 - Prob. 36QAPCh. 7 - Prob. 37QAPCh. 7 - Prob. 38QAPCh. 7 - Prob. 39QAPCh. 7 - Prob. 40QAPCh. 7 - Prob. 41QAPCh. 7 - Prob. 42QAPCh. 7 - Prob. 43QAPCh. 7 - Prob. 44QAPCh. 7 - Prob. 45QAP
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- The runaway greenhouse effect and its inverse, the runaway refrigerator effect, have led to harsh, uninhabitable conditions on Venus and Mars. Does the greenhouse effect always cause climate changes leading to loss of water and life? Give a reason for your answer.arrow_forwardAssume that Venus has an isothermal atmosphere with a surface temperature of 750 K. The surface pressure of Venus is 90 times the Earth's surface pressure which is about 1013mb. Also assume that the carbon dioxide dominant atmosphere of Venus is photodissociated and oxygen atoms are produced. These oxygen atoms stop the solar wind at the ionopause distance where the atmospheric pressure of Venus and the dynamic pressure of the solar wind are in balance. Accordingly, calculate the lonopause distance of the planet Venus if the solar wind density is 7 #/cm² and solar wind speed is 410 km/sec.arrow_forwardThe average distance from Earth to Mars is 1.5 AU. If you send a command using radio waves (a form of light!) to a rover on the Mars surface, how long will you have to wait before you receive the response? Assume the rover responds immediately after it receives the commandarrow_forward
- Which of the following properties of Mars would be altered by the process of terraforming? its size its atmospheric chemistry its distance from the Sun its geological activity its magnetic field Even if we were to terraform Mars to give it an Earthlike climate, that climate would not be as stable as Earth's, due to Mars's lack of a large moon volcanic activity an iron core atmospheric nitrogenarrow_forwardThe average distance to Mars is 1.5 AU. If you send a command using radio waves (a form of light!) to a rover on the Mars surface, how long will you have to wait before you receive the response? Assume the probe responds immediately after it receives the command.arrow_forwardCalculate the energy flux density, Fm , at the average distance of Mars from the Sun, rm , (energy flux divided by surface area of sphere). Mars' distance from the Sun = rm = 2.279 x 1013 cmFm = L /(4prm2) = ________________ ergs/s Next Calcuate the Amount of Solar Energy absorbed by Mars is the surface area of Mars which is facing the Sun (1/2 of Mars' surface area = 4pdm2 / 2 = 2pdm2 ) . Where dm = 3.398 x 106 cm is the radius of Mars. So Mars receives :arrow_forward
- 31) What evidence indicates that the climate of Mars has cyclical changes?arrow_forwardThe clouds that surround Venus are so thick that the planet actually absorbs less sunlight than the Earth. Nevertheless, Venus has a surface temperature of more than 400 C. Which of these best explains this high surface temperature?arrow_forwardCompare the current atmospheres of Earth, Venus, and Mars in terms of composition, thickness (and pressure at the surface), and the greenhouse effect.arrow_forward
- Why are the atmospheres of Venus and Mars mostly carbon dioxide? Why is the atmosphere of Venus very dense but the atmosphere of Mars is very thin?arrow_forwardOn the night side of Venus, we find that the brightest wavelength, that is the wavelength this region of the planet is emitting the most energy, is about 3.9 micrometres (3.9x10-6 meters). Approximately how warm is the planet in this region?arrow_forwardThe fraction of the energy flux received which is reflected into space is the albedo of Venus, av, which is about 0.76. The fraction of the energy flux which is absorbed is then (1-av) = 1. - 0.76 = 0.24. So the amount of energy actually absorbed by Venus in each second is Lv = (1-av)Ev. Lv = (1-av)Ev = ___________________ ergs/s And next calculate the effective temperature of Venus: Tv4 = (Lv/(4pdv2))/s = Lv/(4spdv2) = __________________ K4 and taking the square root of Tv4 twice in succession we get the effective Temperature Tv: Tv = [Lv/(4spdv2)]0.25 = _________________ K Calculate Venus' emittance assuming that the Venus' actual temperature, Tvr, is 472o C = 745 K: ev = Lv/(4pdv2s Tvr4) = __________________ .arrow_forward
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