Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The
pH definition:
The concentration of hydrogen ion is measured using
The
On rearranging, the concentration of hydrogen ion
(a)
Answer to Problem 6D.1E
The
Explanation of Solution
Acetic acid is a weak acid when it is dissolved in water it ionized as positive and negative ions and it is given below.
The equilibrium expression for the above reaction is given below.
Initial concentration | 0.20 | 0 | 0 |
Change in concentration | -x | +x | +x |
Equilibrium concentration | 0.20-x | x | x |
The equilibrium concentration values are obtained in the above table and is substituted in above equation and is given below.
Acetic acid
The above equation, assume that the x present in 0.20-x is very small than 0.20 then it can be negligible and as follows,
Now, the
Therefore, the calculated
The general equilibrium expression to find out the pOH of the solution is given below,
Therefore, the calculated
The percentage deprotonation is calculated using the concentration of hydronium ion divided by the initial concentration of lactic acid and the respective equation is given below.
Concentration of
Initial concentration of
Substitute the obtained values in above equation
Therefore, the percentage deprotonation of 0.20 M aqueous acetic acid is 0.95%
(b)
Interpretation:
The
Concept introduction:
Refer to part (a).
(b)
Answer to Problem 6D.1E
The
Explanation of Solution
Trichloroacetic acid is a strong acid when it is dissolved in water it ionized as positive and negative ions and it is given below.
The equilibrium expression for the above reaction is given below.
Initial concentration | 0.20 | 0 | 0 |
Change in concentration | -x | +x | +x |
Equilibrium concentration | 0.20-x | x | x |
The equilibrium concentration values are obtained in the above table and is substituted in above equation and is given below.
Trichloroacetic acid
The above equation, assume that the x present in 0.20-x is very small than 0.20 then it can be negligible and as follows,
Now, the
Therefore, the calculated
The general equilibrium expression to find out the pOH of the solution is given below,
Therefore, the calculated
The percentage deprotonation is calculated using the concentration of hydronium ion divided by the initial concentration of lactic acid and the respective equation is given below.
Concentration of
Initial concentration of
Substitute the obtained values in above equation
Therefore, the percentage deprotonation of 0.20 M aqueous trichloroacetic acid is 122.5%
(c)
Interpretation:
The
Concept introduction:
Refer to part (a).
(c)
Answer to Problem 6D.1E
The
Explanation of Solution
Formic acid is a weak acid when it is dissolved in water it ionized as positive and negative ions and it is given below.
The equilibrium expression for the above reaction is given below.
Initial concentration | 0.20 | 0 | 0 |
Change in concentration | -x | +x | +x |
Equilibrium concentration | 0.20-x | x | x |
The equilibrium concentration values are obtained in the above table and is substituted in above equation and is given below.
Formic acid
The above equation, assume that the x present in 0.20-x is very small than 0.20 then it can be negligible and as follows,
Now, the
Therefore, the calculated
The general equilibrium expression to find out the pOH of the solution is given below,
Therefore, the calculated
The percentage deprotonation is calculated using the concentration of hydronium ion divided by the initial concentration of lactic acid and the respective equation is given below.
Concentration of
Initial concentration of
Substitute the obtained values in above equation
Therefore, the percentage deprotonation of 0.20 M aqueous formic acid is 3.0%
(d)
Interpretation:
The
Concept introduction:
Electronegativity:
The electronegativity is a chemical property; it is measured by an atom attract the bonding pair of electrons towards itself.
(d)
Answer to Problem 6D.1E
The more electronegative groups present in the molecular structure makes the solution more acidic. Based on the molecular structure the increasing order of pH is given here, (b)<(c)<(a).
Explanation of Solution
pH of the solution is depending on the atoms or group attached to the carboxyl group. Here, three different groups attached with carboxyl group such as
Based on the molecular structure increasing order of pH is given below.
(b)< (c) < (a)
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