Biology (MindTap Course List)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781337392938
Author: Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Textbook Question
Chapter 6, Problem 11TYU
More than 500 genes have been identified in the human genome that code for protein kinases. What does such identification imply regarding the role of protein kinases in cellular functions? Explain your answer.
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Identify eight general types of protein kinases found in eukaryotic cells, and explain what factor is directly responsible for activating each type.
Kinases are enzymes responsible for transferring the terminal phosphate of ATP to the side chains of serines, threonines, and tyrosines in proteins. This is called phosphorylation. Many kinases require autophosphorylation before they can phosphorylate other targets. Discuss how phosphorylation of Ser, Thr, and Tyr changes their chemical properties and how phosphorylation of a kinase might help make it active for other substrates..
Describe the protein kinase cascade stimulated by epinephrine in liver cells or by insulin in muscle cells.
How can it go wrong?
What happens if it goes wrong?
Explain the usefulness of protein kinase cascades and mechanisms to shut them down. Please give explanations for every step of this pathway. Define all technical terms you use.
Chapter 6 Solutions
Biology (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 6.1 - Describe the four main processes essential for...Ch. 6.1 - What is the sequence of events that takes place in...Ch. 6.1 - Prob. 2CCh. 6.2 - Compare three types of signaling molecules:...Ch. 6.2 - Prob. 1CCh. 6.2 - Prob. 2CCh. 6.2 - Prob. 3CCh. 6.3 - Identify mechanisms that make reception a highly...Ch. 6.3 - Prob. 4LOCh. 6.3 - Prob. 1C
Ch. 6.3 - Prob. 2CCh. 6.3 - Prob. 3CCh. 6.3 - Prob. 4CCh. 6.4 - Prob. 5LOCh. 6.4 - Trace the sequence of events in signal...Ch. 6.4 - How is an extracellular signal converted to an...Ch. 6.4 - Prob. 2CCh. 6.4 - Prob. 3CCh. 6.5 - Prob. 7LOCh. 6.5 - Prob. 8LOCh. 6.5 - Prob. 1CCh. 6.5 - Prob. 2CCh. 6.5 - Prob. 3CCh. 6.6 - Cite evidence supporting a long evolutionary...Ch. 6.6 - Prob. 1CCh. 6 - During signal transduction (a) the cell converts...Ch. 6 - When a signaling molecule binds with a receptor,...Ch. 6 - G proteinlinked receptors (a) inactivate G...Ch. 6 - Prob. 4TYUCh. 6 - Prob. 5TYUCh. 6 - Calcium ions (a) can act as second messengers (b)...Ch. 6 - When growth hormone binds to an enzyme-linked...Ch. 6 - Scaffold proteins (a) release kinases and...Ch. 6 - Prob. 9TYUCh. 6 - Prob. 10TYUCh. 6 - More than 500 genes have been identified in the...Ch. 6 - Prob. 12TYUCh. 6 - Prob. 13TYUCh. 6 - EVOLUTION LINK Cell signaling in plant and animal...Ch. 6 - EVOLUTION LINK Some of the same G proteinlinked...Ch. 6 - Prob. 16TYU
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- What is the purpose of A kinase–associated proteins (AKAPs)? Describe how AKAPs work in heart muscle cells.arrow_forwardIf you have a protein kinase that is regulated by both small molecule inhibitors as well as by phosphorylation, and is part of a cooperative enzyme complex that works as part of a larger pathway involving kinase and GTPase proteins please explain where on this protein regulation could occur, how different types of inhibition could control the function of the protein as well as the function of the complex, and how the protein could regulate other proteins. (This question was previously answered but it was answered incompletely mentioning an herbicide developed in the 1950's. Apparently, it was a plagiarized excerpt from an NCBI article. This is a repost for a full and complete answer. Thank you so much for your help! :) )arrow_forwardWhat is the function of a protein kinase? What amino acids are often phosphorylated by kinases?arrow_forward
- Receptor tyrosine kinases such as the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor can basically be broken down into three domains: (1) An extracellular, ligand binding domain, (2) A transmembrane domain that must cross through the cell membrane, and (3) an intracellular domain. Match the amino acid with the domain that it would MOST LIKELY be associated with. Lysine (choose (1), (2), or (3) from above) A tyrosine residue capable of being phosphorylated on its hydroxyl group (choose (1), (2), or (3) from above) Isoleucine (choose (1), (2), or (3) from above)arrow_forwardSome protein kinases are inactive unless they are phosphorylated on key serine or threonine residues. In some cases, active enzymes can be generated by mutating these serine or threonine residues to glutamate. Explain. What could you predict about a mutant generated replacing the serine or threonine with alanine.arrow_forwardCaspase proteins are enzymes known to play a role in programmed cell death (apoptosis) and the inflammatory response. Apoptotic caspases are subcategorized into initiator and executioner caspases. Initiator caspases produce a chain reaction that activates executioner caspases. Caspase 9 is a kind of initiator caspase and caspase 3 is a kind of executioner caspase that plays a direct role in degrading cellular components.Apoptosis can be activated by internal (intrinsic) cellular mechanisms or external (extrinsic) signals. The extrinsic apoptotic pathway begins with the reception of a signal at the death receptors and the intrinsic apoptotic pathway begins with the permeabilization of the mitochondria. Both apoptotic caspase pathways are shown in Figure 1 Caspase proteins have been implicated in the premature death of cornea endothelial tissue being stored for transplant. To investigate the effect of caspases 3 and 9 on tissue degradation, scientists monitored the endothelial cell…arrow_forward
- Caspase proteins are enzymes known to play a role in programmed cell death (apoptosis) and the inflammatory response. Apoptotic caspases are subcategorized into initiator and executioner caspases. Initiator caspases produce a chain reaction that activates executioner caspases. Caspase 9 is a kind of initiator caspase and caspase 3 is a kind of executioner caspase that plays a direct role in degrading cellular components.Apoptosis can be activated by internal (intrinsic) cellular mechanisms or external (extrinsic) signals. The extrinsic apoptotic pathway begins with the reception of a signal at the death receptors and the intrinsic apoptotic pathway begins with the permeabilization of the mitochondria. Both apoptotic caspase pathways are shown in Figure 1. Caspase proteins have been implicated in the premature death of cornea endothelial tissue being stored for transplant. To investigate the effect of caspases 3 and 9 on tissue degradation, scientists monitored the endothelial cell…arrow_forwardCaspase proteins are enzymes known to play a role in programmed cell death (apoptosis) and the inflammatory response. Apoptotic caspases are subcategorized into initiator and executioner caspases. Initiator caspases produce a chain reaction that activates executioner caspases. Caspase 9 is a kind of initiator caspase and caspase 3 is a kind of executioner caspase that plays a direct role in degrading cellular components.Apoptosis can be activated by internal (intrinsic) cellular mechanisms or external (extrinsic) signals. The extrinsic apoptotic pathway begins with the reception of a signal at the death receptors and the intrinsic apoptotic pathway begins with the permeabilization of the mitochondria. Both apoptotic caspase pathways are shown in Figure 1. Caspase proteins have been implicated in the premature death of cornea endothelial tissue being stored for transplant. To investigate the effect of caspases 3 and 9 on tissue degradation, scientists monitored the endothelial cell…arrow_forwardCaspase proteins are enzymes known to play a role in programmed cell death (apoptosis) and the inflammatory response. Apoptotic caspases are subcategorized into initiator and executioner caspases. Initiator caspases produce a chain reaction that activates executioner caspases. Caspase 9 is a kind of initiator caspase and caspase 3 is a kind of executioner caspase that plays a direct role in degrading cellular components.Apoptosis can be activated by internal (intrinsic) cellular mechanisms or external (extrinsic) signals. The extrinsic apoptotic pathway begins with the reception of a signal at the death receptors and the intrinsic apoptotic pathway begins with the permeabilization of the mitochondria. Both apoptotic caspase pathways are shown in Figure 1. Caspase proteins have been implicated in the premature death of cornea endothelial tissue being stored for transplant. To investigate the effect of caspases 3 and 9 on tissue degradation, scientists monitored the endothelial cell…arrow_forward
- If you were to buy radioactively labeled ATP to use in making radiolabeled RNA, which phosphate (indicate with an arrow) would you want to have labeled with P32? If instead you were using ATP as a protein kinase substrate, which phosphate would you want to have labeled. Explain your reasoningarrow_forwardIs it true human genome contains 518 kinase-encoding genes and 147 phosphataseencoding genes ?arrow_forwardThe following quote is from a TiBS review article (Y. Shiloh,(2006) TiBS vol. 31 No7 Pages 402-410). Please explain what information would have been derived from genetics experiments and what information would have been based on biochemistry experiments. Explain how using both genetic and biochemistry has allowed us to greatly enhance our understanding of this field. ATM belongs to a conserved family of proteins termed the ‘PI3K-like protein kinases’( PIKKs), most of which possess a serine/threonine kinase activity and all of which, as their name indicates, contain a domain with motifs that are typical of the lipid kinase phosphatidylinositol3- kinase(PI3K) [39]. At present, the mammalian members of this family include five protein kinases: ATM, ataxia-telangiectasia- and Rad3-related (ATR), hSMG-1, mTOR (also known as FRAP) and the catalytic subunit of the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK). Another member of the PIKK family is TRRAP, a protein component of histone…arrow_forward
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