The article “Differences in Susceptibilities of Different Cell Lines to Bilirubin Damage” (K. Ngai, C. Yeung, and C. Leung, Journal of Paediatric Child Health, 2000:36–45) reports an investigation into the toxicity of bilirubin on several cell lines. Ten sets of human liver cells and 10 sets of mouse fibroblast cells were placed into solutions of bilirubin in albumin with a 1.4 bilirubin/albumin molar ratio for 24 hours. In the 10 sets of human liver cells, the average percentage of cells surviving was 53.9 with a standard deviation of 10.7. In the 10 sets of mouse fibroblast cells, the average percentage of cells surviving was 73.1 with a standard deviation of 9.1. Find a 98% confidence interval for the difference in survival percentages between the two cell lines.
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Statistics for Engineers and Scientists
- The article “Effects of Diets with Whole Plant-Origin Proteins Added with Different Ratiosof Taurine:Methionine on the Growth, Macrophage Activity and Antioxidant Capacity ofRainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Fingerlings” (O. Hernandez, L. Hernandez, et al.,Veterinary and Animal Science, 2017:4-9) reports that a sample of 210 juvenile rainbowtrout fed a diet fortified with equal amounts of the amino acids taurine and methionine for aperiod of 70 days had a mean weight gain of 313 percent with a standard deviation of 25, while 210 fish fed with a control diet had a mean weight gain of 233 percent with a standard deviation of 19. Units are percent. Find a 99% confidence interval for the difference in weight gain on the two diets.arrow_forwardThe article "Determination of Carboxyhemoglobin Levels and Health Effects on Officers Working at the Istanbul Bosphorus Bridge" (G. Kocasoy and H. Yalin, Journal of Environmental Science and Health, 2004:1129–1139) presents assessments of health outcomes of people working in an environment with high levels of carbon monoxide (CO). Following are the numbers of workers reporting various symptoms, categorized by work shift. The numbers were read from a graph. Shift Morning Evening Night Influenza 16 13 18 Headache 24 33 Weakness 11 16 5 Shortness of Breath Can you conclude that the proportions of workers with the various symptoms differ among the shifts?arrow_forwardThe antibiotic gentamicin sulphate is often blended with acrylic bone cement to help prevent infection following joint replacement surgery. The article "Incorporation of Large Amounts of Gentamicin Sulphate Into Acrylic Bone Cement: Effect on Handling and Mechanical Properties, Antibiotic Release, and Biofilm Formation" (N. Dunne, P. MCAfee, et al., Journal of Engineering in Medicine, 2008:355-365) presents a study of the effect of the amount of antibiotic added on various properties of the cement. Following are measurements of the setting time of the cement, for six levels of antibiotic amount, and three replications per level. The measurements are consistent with means and standard deviations presented in the article. Antibiotic per 40 g Cement Setting Time (min) 0g 0.58 1g 12.7 14.1 13.2 13.5 14.5 14.6 12.7 13.4 13.2 12.7 13.6 14.1 13.4 13.5 14.3 14.5 13.5 14.9 Construct an ANOVA table. You may give a range for the P-value. Can you conclude that there are differences among the mean…arrow_forward
- 4. Captopril is a drug designed to lower systolic blood pressure. When subjects were treated with this drug, their systolic blood pressure readings (in mm Hg) were measured before and after the drug was taken. Results are given in the accompanying table (based on data from “Essential Hypertension: Effect of an Oral Inhibitor of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme”, by MacGregor et al., BMJ, Vol. 2). Using a 0.01 significance level, is there sufficient evidence to support the claim that captopril has an effect on systolic blood pressure? Explain why statistical methods from Z-interval, Z-test, T-interval or T-test –cannot be used for this problem. Then, use the sign test to conduct the required test in R studio. Please show your work.arrow_forward1.“Effects of Short-Term Supplementation with Selenised Yeast on Milk Production and Composition of Lactating Cows”(Australian Journal of Dairy Technology, [2004]: 199-203) supplied the following data on milk selenium concentration (mg/L) for a sample of cows given seleniumsupplement (the treatment group) and a sample of cows given no supplement (the control group). The measurements of selenium were taken initally and again after a 9-day period. The study was conducted becausea deficiency of the trace element selenium in the diet can negatively impact growth, immunity, muscle and neuromuscular function, and fertility. The production of selenium supplements to dairy cows is justified when pastures have low selenium levels. data is attached a.Use the given data for the treatment group to determine if there is sufficient evidenceto conclude that the mean selenium concentration is greater after 9 days of the selenium supplement. b.Are the data for the cows in…arrow_forwardLow-Birth-Weight Hospital Stays. Data on low-birthweight babies were collected over a 2-year period by 14 participating centers of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. Results were reported by J. Lemons et al. in the on-line paper “Very Low Birth Weight Outcomes of the National Institute of ChildHealth and Human Development Neonatal Research Network” (Pediatrics, Vol. 107, No. 1, p. e1). For the 1084 surviving babies whose birth weights were 751– 1000 grams, the average length of stay in the hospital was 86 days, although one center had an average of 66 days and another had an average of 108 days. a. Can the mean lengths of stay be considered population means? Explain your answer.b. Assuming that the population standard deviation is 12 days, determine the z-score for a baby’s length of stay of 86 days at the center where the mean was 66 days.c. Assuming that the population standard deviation is 12 days, determine the z-score for a…arrow_forward
- The paper “Effect of long-term blood pressure control on salt sensitivity” [Journal of Medicine (1997) 28:147–156] describes a study evaluating salt sensitivity (SENS) after a period of antihypertensive treatment. Ten hypertensive patients (diastolic blood pressure between 90 and 115 mmHg) were studied after at least 18 months on antihypertensive treatment. SENS readings, which were obtained before and after the patients were placed on an antihypertensive treatment, are given in data 3. Is there significant evidence that the mean SENS value decreased after the patient received antihypertensive treatment? data 3 'Before' 'After'22.86 6.117.74 -4.0215.49 8.049.97 3.291.44 -0.779.39 6.9911.4 10.191.86 2.09-6.71 11.46.42 10.7arrow_forwardThe paper “Effect of long-term blood pressure control on salt sensitivity” [Journal of Medicine (1997) 28:147–156] describes a study evaluating salt sensitivity (SENS) after a period of antihypertensive treatment. Ten hypertensive patients (diastolic blood pressure between 90 and 115 mmHg) were studied after at least 18 months on antihypertensive treatment. SENS readings, which were obtained before and after the patients were placed on an antihypertensive treatment, are given in the table. 'Before' 'After' 22.86 6.11 7.74 -4.02 15.49 8.04 9.97 3.29 1.44 -0.77 9.39 6.99 11.4 10.19 1.86 2.09 -6.71 11.4 6.42 10.7 a) Write the null and alternate hypotheses What test will be used to test the hypothesis and what assumptions are required? test them. Is there significant evidence that the mean SENS value decreased after the patient received antihypertensive treatment?arrow_forwardA pathological video game user (PVGU) is a video game user that averages 31 or more hours a week of gameplay. According to the article “Pathological Video Game Use among Youths: A Two-Year Longitudinal Study” (Pediatrics, Vol. 127, No. 2, pp. 319–329) by D. Gentile et al., in 2011, about 9% of children in grades 3–8 were PVGUs. Suppose that, today, five youths in grades 3–8 are randomly selected. Let X represent the number of youths who are PVGUs. n = p = 1 – p = Prepare the probability distribution for the random variable X. Complete the following table. Round your answers to 4 decimal places e.g. 0.XXXX or .XXXX. X = x P(X=x) 0 1 2 3 4 5 ∑=1.0000∑=1.0000 Calculate the probability that EXACTLY three youths are PVGUs. Round your answers to 4 decimal places e.g. 0.XXXX or .XXXX. P(X = 3) = Calculate the probability that AT LEAST two youths are PVGUs. Round your answers to 4 decimal places e.g. 0.XXXX or .XXXX. P(X ≥ 2) = Calculate the…arrow_forward
- A study was made of 413 children who were hospitalized as a result of motor vehicle crashes. Among 290 children who were not using seat belts, 60 were injured severely. Among 123 children using seat belts, 16 were injured severely (based on data from "Morbidity Among Pediatric Motor Vehicle Crash Victims: The Effectiveness of Seat Belts," by Osberg and Di Scala, American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 82, No. 3). For this problem we want to know, is there sufficient sample evidence to conclude, at the 0.05 significance level, that the proportion of severe injuries is higher for children not wearing seat belts? Let pi be the proportion of severe injuries among all children not wearing seatbelts and who were involved in crashes. Let p2 be the proportion of severe injuries among all children wearing seatbelts and who were involved in crashes. Which is the proper expression of Ho? Pi = P2 O Pi P2 Which is the proper expression of H1? O pi P2 Calculate p1 to 4 decimal places: Calculate p,…arrow_forwardThe article "Improved Bioequivalence Assessment of Topical Dermatological Drug Products Using Dermatopharmacokinetics" (B. N’Dri-Stempfer, W. Navidi, R. Guy, and A. Bunge, Pharmaceutical Research, 2009:316–328) described a study comparing the amounts of econozole nitrate absorbed into human skin for several formulations of antifungal ointment. Both a brand name and generic drug were applied to the arms of 14 subjects, and the amounts absorbed, in ug/cm², were measured. Following are the results. Can you conclude that the mean amount absorbed differs between the brand name and the generic drug? Brand Name Generic Difference 2.23 1.42 0.81 1.68 1.95 -0.27 1.96 2.58 -0.62 2.81 2.25 0.56 1.14 1.21 -0.07 3.20 3.01 0.19 2.33 2.76 -0.43 4.06 3.65 0.41 2.92 2.89 0.03 2.92 2.85 0.07 2.83 2.44 0.39 3.45 3.11 0.34 2.72 2.64 0.08 3.74 2.82 0.92arrow_forwardThe article “Treadmill Exercise and Resistance Training in Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease With and Without Intermittent Claudication. A Randomized Controlled Trial” (M. McDermott, P. Ades, et al., Journal of the American Medical Association, 2009:165–174) reported the results of a study to determine whether treadmill exercise could improve the walking ability of patients suffering from claudication, which is pain caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscles of the legs. A sample of 48 patients walked on a treadmill for six minutes every day. After six months, the mean distance walked in six minutes was 348 m, with a standard deviation of 80 m. For a control group of 46 patients who did not walk on a treadmill, the mean distance was 309 m with a standard deviation of 89 m. Find a 95% confidence interval for the difference in mean distance walked between the two groups of patients.arrow_forward
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