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In the article “Bactericidal Properties of Flat Surfaces and Nanoparticles Derivatized with Alkylated Polyethylenimines” (J. Lin, S. Qiu, et al., Biotechnology Progress, 2002:1082–1086), experiments were described in which alkylated polyethylenimines were attached to surfaces and to nanoparticles to make them bactericidal. In one series of experiments, the bactericidal efficiency against the bacterium E. coli was compared for a methylated versus a nonmethylated polymer. The
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Statistics for Engineers and Scientists
- The article "Effect of Granular Subbase Thickness on Airfield Pavement Structural Response" (K. Gopalakrishnan and M. Thompson, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2008:331-342) presents a study of the effect of the subbase thickness (in mm) on the amount of surface deflection caused by aircraft landing on an airport runway. Two landing gears, one simulating a Boeing 747 aircraft, and the other a Boeing 777 aircraft, were trafficked across four test sections of runway. The results are presented in the following table. Section 3 4 Boeing 747 Boeing 777 4.01 3.87 3.72 3.76 4.57 4.48 4.36 4.43 Can you conclude that the mean deflection is greater for the Boeing 777?arrow_forwardThe antibiotic gentamicin sulphate is often blended with acrylic bone cement to help prevent infection following joint replacement surgery. The article "Incorporation of Large Amounts of Gentamicin Sulphate Into Acrylic Bone Cement: Effect on Handling and Mechanical Properties, Antibiotic Release, and Biofilm Formation" (N. Dunne, P. MCAfee, et al., Journal of Engineering in Medicine, 2008:355-365) presents a study of the effect of the amount of antibiotic added on various properties of the cement. Following are measurements of the setting time of the cement, for six levels of antibiotic amount, and three replications per level. The measurements are consistent with means and standard deviations presented in the article. Antibiotic per 40 g Cement Setting Time (min) 0g 0.58 1g 12.7 14.1 13.2 13.5 14.5 14.6 12.7 13.4 13.2 12.7 13.6 14.1 13.4 13.5 14.3 14.5 13.5 14.9 Construct an ANOVA table. You may give a range for the P-value. Can you conclude that there are differences among the mean…arrow_forwardThe article "Influence of Supplemental Acetate on Bioremediation for Dissolved Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons" (T. Ebihara and P. Bishop, Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2002:505-513) describes experiments in which water containing dissolved polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) was fed into sand columns. PAH concentrations were measured at various depths after 25, 45, and 90 days. Assume that three independent measurements were made at each depth at each time. The data presented in the following table are naphthalene concentrations (in mg/L) that are consistent with means and standard deviations reported in the article. 90 days 25 days 11.15 11.39 11.36 9.28 8.15 8.59 7.68 7.59 7.41 5 14.40 11.78 11.92 9.44 9.34 9.33 7.53 7.92 7.12 Depth 45 days 15 11.51 11.01 11.09 9.34 9.11 8.94 7.43 7.47 7.53 30 12.77 12.18 11.65 9.37 9.27 9.05 7.60 7.48 7.84 50 11.71 11.29 11.20 9.25 8.97 9.29 7.76 7.84 7.68 75 11.18 11.45 11.27 9.09 8.86 8.78 7.72 7.61 7.74 a Construct an ANOVA table. You may…arrow_forward
- The aging Neotropical termites (Neocapritermes taracua) secrete a sticky, blue-colored liquid that they spew to intruding termites. The younger Neotropical termites secrete a liquid that lacks the blue component, so it is white in appearance. In an experiment that measured the toxicity of the blue substance, the researchers placed one drop of either the blue liquid or the white liquid on individuals of a second termite species, Labiotermes labralis. Of the 41 Labiotermes labralis that got the blue drop, 37 were immobilized. Of the 40 Labiotermes labralis that got the white drop, 9 were immobilized. Is the blue liquid toxic compared to the white liquid?arrow_forwardclassify as either observational or experimental design Heart Failure. In the paper “Cardiac-Resynchronization Therapy with or without an Implantable Defibrillator in Advanced Chronic Heart Failure” (New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 350, pp. 2140–2150), M. Bristow et al. reported the results of a study of methods for treating patients who had advanced heart failure due to ischemic or nonischemic cardiomyopathies. A total of 1520 patientswere randomly assigned in a 1:2:2 ratio to receive optimal pharmacologic therapy alone or in combination with either a pacemaker or a pacemaker–defibrillator combination. The patients were thenobserved until they died or were hospitalized for any cause.arrow_forwardThe article "Drift in Posturography Systems Equipped with a Piezoelectric Force Platform: Analysis and Numerical Compensation" (L. Quagliarella, N. Sasanelli, and Vv. Monaco, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2008:997-1004) reported the results of an experiment to determine the effect of load on the drift in signals derived from a piezoelectric force plate. The corelation coefficient y between outpuit and time was computed for various loads x in kN, as shown in the following table. У 0.196 -0.9710 0.245 -0.9735 0.294 -0.9694 0.343 -0.9684 0.392 -0.9624 0.441 -0.9688 0.490 -0.9519 0.539 -0.9573 0.588 -0.9515 Compute the least-squares line for predicting y from x. Plot the residuals versus the fitted values. Does the least-squares line seem appropriate? Compute the least-squares line for predicting y from x. d. Plot the residuals versus the fitted values. Does the least-squares line seem appropriate? C. For each model, find a 95% confidence interval for the mean value…arrow_forward
- The article "Gypsum Effect on the Aggregate Size and Geometry of Three Sodic Soils Under Reclamation" (I. Lebron, D. Suarez, and T. Yoshida, Journal of the Soil Science Society of America, 2002:92-98) reports on an experiment in which gypsum was added in various amounts to soil samples before leaching. One of the outcomes of interest was the pH of the soil. Gypsum was added in four different amounts. Three soil samples received each amount added. The pH measurements of the samples are presented in the following table. Gypsum (g/kg) pH 0.00 7.88 7.72 7.68 0.11 7.81 7.64 7.85 0.19 7.84 7.63 7.87 0.38 7.80 7.73 8.00 Can you conclude that the pH differs with the amount of gypsum added? Provide the value of the test statistic and the P-value.arrow_forwardThe article “n-Nonane Hydroconversion on Ni and Pt Containing HMFI, HMOR and HBEA” (G. Kinger and H. Vinek, Applied Catalysis A: General, 2002:139–149) presents hydroconversion rates (in μmol/g · s) of n-nonane over both HMFI and HBEA catalysts. The results are as follows: HMFI: 0.43 0.93 1.91 2.56 3.72 6.19 11.00 HBEA: 0.73 1.12 1.24 2.93 Can you conclude that the mean rate differs between the two catalysts?arrow_forwardThe article "Organic Recycling for Soil Quality Conservation in a Sub-Tropical Plateau Region" (K. Chakrabarti, B. Sarkar, et al., J. Agronomy and Crop Science, 2000:137-142) reports an experiment in which soil specimens were treated with six different treatments, with two replicates per treatment, and the acid phosphate activity (in umol p-nitrophenol released per gram of oven-dry soil per hour) was recorded. An ANOVA table for a one-way ANOVA follows. One-way ANOVA: Treatments A, B, C, D, E, F Source DF MS Treatment 1.18547 0.23709 46.64 0.000 Епог 0.03050 0.00508 Total 11 1.21597 The treatment means were А в с D E F Treatment 0.99 1.99 1.405 1.63 1.395 1.22 Mean Can you conclude that there are differences in acid phosphate activity among the treatments? a. Use the Tukey-Kramer method to determine which pairs of treatment means, if any, are different at the 5% level. Use the Bonferoni method to determine which pairs of treatment means, b. if any, are C. different at the 5% level. d.…arrow_forward
- The article "Effect of Granular Subbase Thickness on Airfield Pavement Structural Response" (K. Gopalakrishnan and M. Thompson, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2008:331-342) presents a study of the amount of surface deflection caused by aircraft landing on an airport runway. A load of 160 kN was applied to a runway surface, and the amount of deflection in mm (y) was measured at various distances in m (x) from the point of application. The results are presented in the following table. y 0.000 3.24 0.305 2.36 0.610 1.42 0.914 0.87 1.219 0.54 1.524 0.34 1.830 0.24 a. Fit the linear model y = Bo + B1x + ɛ. For each coefficient, test the hypothesis that the coefficient is equal to 0. b. Fit the quadratic model y = Bo + Bịx + B2x² + ɛ. For each coefficient, test the hypothesis that the coefficient is equal to 0. %3D Fit the cubic model y = Bo + B1x + B2x? + B3x + E. For each coefficient, test the C. hypothesis that the coefficient is equal to 0. d. Which of the models in parts (a)…arrow_forwardThe article "Modeling Resilient Modulus and Temperature Correction for Saudi Roads" (H. Wahhab, I. Asi, and R. Ramadhan, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2001:298– 305) describes a study designed to predict the resilient modulus of pavement from physical properties. The following table presents data for the resilient modulus at 40°Cin10® kPa (y), the surface area of the aggregate in m²/kg (x1), and the softening point of the asphalt in °C (х). y X1 X2 1.48 5.77 60.5 1.70 7.45 74.2 2.03 8.14 67.6 2.86 8.73 70.0 2.43 7.12 64.6 3.06 6.89 65.3 2.44 8.64 66.2 1.29 6.58 64.1 3.53 9.10 68.6 1.04 8.06 58.8 1.88 5.93 63.2 1.90 8.17 62.1 1.76 9.84 68.9 2.82 7.17 72.2 1.00 7.78 54.1 The full quadratic model is y = + P,x, + PzX, + Pz*jXz + Pxx¡ + Bzx; + €. Which submodel of this full model do you believe is most appropriate? Justify your answer by fitting two or more models and comparing the results.arrow_forwardThe article “Effect of Granular Subbase Thickness on Airfield Pavement Structural Response” (K. Gopalakrishnan and M. Thompson, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2008:331–342) presents a study of the effect of the subbase thickness on the amount of surface deflection caused by aircraft landing on an airport runway. In six applications of a 160 kN load on a runway with a subbase thickness of 864 mm, the average surface deflection was 2.03 mm with a standard deviation of 0.090 mm. Find a 90% confidence interval for the mean deflection caused by a 160 kN load.arrow_forward
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