Study Guide for Campbell Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780134443775
Author: Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Jane B. Reece, Martha R. Taylor, Michael A. Pollock
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 50, Problem 10IQ
- a. Which mode of locomotion is the most energy efficient per distance traveled? What problems does this mode of locomotion present, and what adaptations facilitate this type of movement?
- b. Which mode is the most energetically expensive per distance traveled? What problems does this mode of locomotion present, and what adaptations facilitate this type of movement?
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1. Define the following:
Maximal stimulus-
Threshold stimulus-
Submaximal stimulus-
2. A skeletal muscle can be stimulated, under laboratory conditions, with a supramaximal stimulus. Is it possible for the muscle to respond with a supramaximal contraction? Explain
The figure below shows the muscle tension (Y axis) following the application of stimuli to the muscle fiber. The pink arrows on the bottom symbolize stimuli to the muscle cell. The best explanation that the tension of the contraction in panel 4 is larger than other panels is because:
A. More motor units are recruited
B. More muscles are contracting
C. The duration of the stimuli is longer
D. The frequency of the stimuli is greater
Chapter 50 Solutions
Study Guide for Campbell Biology
Ch. 50 - List and describe the four functions common to all...Ch. 50 - Prob. 2IQCh. 50 - Label the parts in the following diagram of the...Ch. 50 - Label the parts of the human eye in the following...Ch. 50 - The receptive field of a ganglion cell includes...Ch. 50 - Prob. 6IQCh. 50 - Identify the components in the following diagram...Ch. 50 - a. Identify the three distinct types of skeletal...Ch. 50 - List an advantage and a disadvantage of each of...Ch. 50 - a. Which mode of locomotion is the most energy...
Ch. 50 - Prob. 1SYKCh. 50 - Prob. 2SYKCh. 50 - Prob. 3SYKCh. 50 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 50 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 50 - Prob. 3TYKCh. 50 - Prob. 4TYKCh. 50 - Prob. 5TYKCh. 50 - Prob. 6TYKCh. 50 - Prob. 7TYKCh. 50 - Prob. 8TYKCh. 50 - The eyes of individuals with achromatopsia contain...Ch. 50 - Which of the following structures is incorrectly...Ch. 50 - Prob. 11TYKCh. 50 - The absorption of light by rhodopsin in a rod cell...Ch. 50 - Prob. 13TYKCh. 50 - Prob. 14TYKCh. 50 - Prob. 15TYKCh. 50 - Prob. 16TYKCh. 50 - The role of ATP in muscle contraction is to a....Ch. 50 - How does calcium affect muscle contraction? a. It...Ch. 50 - Prob. 19TYKCh. 50 - Prob. 20TYKCh. 50 - Prob. 21TYKCh. 50 - Prob. 22TYKCh. 50 - Prob. 23TYKCh. 50 - Which of the following combinations of animal size...
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- What is the mechanism possible for sensing muscle damage and triggering repair? Specifically in exercise and building muscle. Write full mechanism at the cellular level.arrow_forwarda. Describe the relationship between stimulus voltage and the force of contraction b. What was the smallest voltage required to produce a contraction (the threshold voltage)? What proportion of the fibers in the muscle do you think were contracting to produce this small response? c. What do you conclude happened to the number of fibers contracting as the voltage was raised from threshold to that required to produce a maximal contraction?arrow_forwardSELECTIVE PRESSURES: LOCOMOTION For each type of locomotion below, brainstorm some challenges and advantages (i.e. selective pressures) related to it. Туре Method Challenges Advantages Lateral Undulations Aquatic Paired Oscillations Saltatorial Terrestrial Cursorial Fossorial Parachuting / Gliding Aerial Powered Flightarrow_forward
- Explain how exercise impacts the NMJ - does it cause adaptations? Is this dependent on the type of exercise training done (aerobic vs strength training)?arrow_forwarda. Define the all-or-none principle. b. The same student remarked that at 180 mV stimulus, it is expected that 100 g mass is lifted by the muscle fibre. Do you agree or disagree? Why or why not?arrow_forwardFirst, explain how resting membrane potential is established in terms of ion concentration and electric charge. Next, explain the process of neural signal transmission from an alpha motor neuron to the muscle fiber. Do this by explaining how an AP is generated (ions and membrane proteins) at the neuron, how the signal is propagated, what happens at the axon terminal, what happens at the motor endplate, and explain all the molecular events that occur to cause muscle contraction.arrow_forward
- Match the following regarding muscle contractions: The final chemical messenger and "trigger" for muscle contraction. It binds to troponin A neurotransmitter released at motor end plates by the axon terminals It diffuses across the cell membrane resulting in depolarization Activates synaptic vesicles in axon terminals to fuse with plasma membrane of axon terminal Used to convert ADP to ATP by transfer of a high-energy phosphate group. A reserve high-energy compound Breaks down ACh into its building blocks, rendering it ineffective [Choose] [Choose] [Choose] [Choose] [Choose] [Choose ]arrow_forwardCompare and contrast the functions, anatomy and characteristics of skeletal vs smooth muscle. Characterize the microscopic anatomical structure of skeletal muscle. Describe the organization of the sarcomere. Characterize the actions of motor neurons at the neuromuscular junction. Explain the process by which skeletal muscle contraction occurs. Describe the composition of and the function of cerebrospinal fluid and the blood-brain barrier. Explain the major role of the lobes, areas and regions of the brain. Contrast the effects of the various cranial nerves. Answer all, not graded, thanksarrow_forwardCompare and contrast the functions, anatomy and characteristics of skeletal vs smooth muscle. Characterize the microscopic anatomical structure of skeletal muscle. Describe the organization of the sarcomere. Characterize the actions of motor neurons at the neuromuscular junction. Explain the process by which skeletal muscle contraction occurs. Describe the composition of and the function of cerebrospinal fluid and the blood-brain barrier. Explain the major role of the lobes, areas and regions of the brain. Contrast the effects of the various cranial nerves. Please answer all not gradedarrow_forward
- How are motor neurons involved in muscle contractions? Select all that apply. The release of calcium ions into muscle fiber causes a shift in the proteins of thick filaments, allowing myosin to bind to actin. The release of calcium ions into muscle fiber causes a shift in the thin filaments, allowing myosin to bind to actin. A signal from the motor neuron leads to the release of calcium ions from the muscle fiber's sarcoplasmic reticulum. Muscle fibers respond to signals from motor neurons whose axon endings lie far from the muscle fiber.arrow_forwarda. You have read that given that contraction of a muscle fiber is an "all or none" event, similar to firing an action potential in a nerve. How can you explain the graded response? b. What is the possible mechanism behind your observations and results for the difference between nerve stimulation and direct muscle stimulation?arrow_forwardDG2: a. Describe the effect of each of the following on the function of Kinesin, Dynein and Myosin: i) ATP binding ii) ATP hydrolysis b) How might a mutation in the "relay helix" that is found in both Myosin and Kinesin disrupt their respective functions?arrow_forward
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