(a)
Interpretation: The elements with the given electronic configuration should be identified as a metal, non-metal or metalloid.
Concept introduction: The rules for the allowed quantum numbers combinations are as follows:
- All the three quantum numbers ( n, l and m ) describes the orbital of an atom and they are integers.
- The principal quantum number, n value cannot be zero. Thus, the values allowed for the principal quantum number are 1, 2, 3, 4, and so on.
- The value of angular quantum number, l can be between 0 to n-1. Thus, if value of n is equal to 3 the value of l can be 0, 1 or 2.
- The value of magnetic quantum number, m can be between − l to +l . Thus, if value of l is equal to 2, m can be either -2, -1, 0, +1, or +2
For same number of principal quantum number, an orbital form a shell. The first character denotes the shell and the second identifies the sub-shell.
Here, for s orbital value of
The relative energy of orbitals is represented as follows:
A s orbital can have maximum of 2 electrons, p orbital can have maximum of 6 electrons. Similarly, maximum electrons that a d and f orbital can have are 10 and 14 respectively.
(b)
Interpretation: The element with the largest atomic size should be identified.
Concept Introduction: According to the periodic trends, the atomic size of the element increases on moving top to bottom in a group due to addition of one shell and decreases on moving left to right in a group due to increase in atomic number.
(c)
Interpretation: The element with the highest ionization energy should be identified.
Concept Introduction: Ionization energy is defined as the amount of energy required to remove an electron from its outermost shell. According to periodic trends, it decreases on moving top to bottom in a group due to increase in size and it increases on moving left to right in a period due to decrease in size.
(d)
Interpretation: The element with the smallest atomic size.
Concept Introduction: According to the periodic trends, the atomic size of the element increases on moving top to bottom in a group due to addition of one shell and decreases on moving left to right in a group due to increase in atomic number.
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Basic Chemistry
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