Biology (MindTap Course List)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781337392938
Author: Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 45, Problem 9TYU
Summary Introduction
Introduction: Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins are Y-shaped proteins that are produced in the body to fight against the antigens that are the foreign substances. There are mainly five types of antibody: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD. The hypersensitivity reactions are undesirable reactions which are produced by the normal immune system. Allergy, alloimmunity, and autoimmunity are classified as hypersensitivity reactions.
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T cells and B cells can be activated only by, (a) pathogenic microorganisms.(b) interleukins, interferons, and colony-stimulating factors. (c) cells infected with viruses, bacterial cells, or cancer cells. (d) exposure to a specific antigen bound to a MHC protein on a plasma membrane.
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Which of the following is NOT true about T cells?(a) T cells develop from lymphoid stem cells in the bonemarrow and mature in the thymus.(b) Cell-mediated immunity is primarily carried out by Tcells.(c) Subsequent differentiation of T cells produces cytotoxic(killer) T cells, delayed-hypersensitivity T cells, helper Tcells, and regulatory T cells.(d) Natural killer cells (NK) are exclusively differentiated Tcells.(e) T cells act in situations where antigens are embeddedin cell membranes or are inside host cells and thus areinaccessible to antibodies.
Chapter 45 Solutions
Biology (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 45.1 - Prob. 1LOCh. 45.1 - Compare, in general terms, the immune responses...Ch. 45.1 - Prob. 1CCh. 45.1 - In general, how are vertebrate immune responses...Ch. 45.2 - Describe innate immune responses, including...Ch. 45.2 - Prob. 1CCh. 45.2 - Prob. 2CCh. 45.2 - Prob. 3CCh. 45.2 - VISUALIZE Draw a diagram illustrating the main...Ch. 45.3 - Prob. 4LO
Ch. 45.3 - Prob. 5LOCh. 45.3 - How are cell-mediated immunity and...Ch. 45.3 - Prob. 2CCh. 45.3 - Prob. 3CCh. 45.4 - Describe the sequence of events in cell-mediated...Ch. 45.4 - Prob. 1CCh. 45.5 - Summarize the sequence of events in...Ch. 45.5 - Prob. 8LOCh. 45.5 - Prob. 9LOCh. 45.5 - Prob. 10LOCh. 45.5 - Prob. 1CCh. 45.5 - Prob. 2CCh. 45.5 - Prob. 3CCh. 45.5 - Prob. 4CCh. 45.6 - Prob. 11LOCh. 45.6 - Describe examples of hypersensitivity, including...Ch. 45.6 - Prob. 1CCh. 45.6 - Prob. 2CCh. 45.6 - Prob. 3CCh. 45.6 - Prob. 4CCh. 45.6 - What is the immunological basis for graft...Ch. 45 - Innate immune responses include all but (a)...Ch. 45 - Cytokines (a) are regulatory Toll-like receptors...Ch. 45 - Which of the following is not an action of...Ch. 45 - Prob. 4TYUCh. 45 - Prob. 5TYUCh. 45 - Prob. 6TYUCh. 45 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 45 - Prob. 8TYUCh. 45 - Prob. 9TYUCh. 45 - Which sequence most accurately describes...Ch. 45 - VISUALIZE Label the following diagram and explain...Ch. 45 - Specificity, diversity, and memory are key...Ch. 45 - Prob. 13TYUCh. 45 - PREDICT A playmate in kindergarten exposes John...Ch. 45 - Prob. 15TYUCh. 45 - Prob. 16TYU
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- A 23 year old woman has a boil on the hand from which a gram-positive bacteria was isolated. What role does complement play in the resolution of this infection? (a) Lyse the bacteria (b) attracts neutrophils (c) stimulates T cells (d) promotes immunoglobulin class switcharrow_forwardThe best definition of an antigen is:(a) A foreign molecule in the body(b) A chemical that elicits antibody production and binds tothat antibody(c) A molecule that binds to antibody(d) A pathogen(e) An enzyme that activates B cellsarrow_forwardWhich statement best describes the difference between responses of effector B cells (plasma cells) and those of cytotoxic T cells? (A) B cells confer active immunity;cytotoxic T cells confer passive immunity. (B) B cells respond the first time a pathogen is present; cytotoxic T cells respond subsequent times. (C) B cells secrete antibodies against a pathogen; cytotoxic T cells kill pathogen-infected host cells. (D) B cells carry out the cell-mediated response; cytotoxic T cells carry out the humoral response.arrow_forward
- Which of the following statements is not true?(A) An antibody has more than one antigen-binding site.(B) A lymphocyte has receptors for multiple differentantigens.(C) An antigen can have different epitopes.(D) A liver or muscle cell makes one class of MHC molecule.arrow_forwardWhich of the following immune cells/molecules are most ef-fective at destroying intracellular pathogens?(a) TH cells (d) B cells(b) Antibodies (e) Complement(c) TC cellsarrow_forwardImmune system of humans a) Secreted B cell receptors can function as opsonins. b) MHC class II molecules can be found on the surface of nearly every cell of the body. c) The membrane attack complex (MAC) is used by natural killer cells to eliminate virus infected host cells. d) Both (a) and (b) are correct and (c) is incorrect e) Statements (a), (b) and (c) are all correctarrow_forward
- 1. How does the thymus help the body avoid autoimmune responses? (A) By negatively selecting T cells with receptors that bind to peptide-MHC complexes with high affinity. (B) By positively selecting T cells with receptors that only recognize self peptides. (C) By facilitating cell signaling between T cell surface receptors and antigens in the thymic capsule. (D) By using clonal deletion to eliminate antigen-presenting cells that have low affinity for T cells receptors. 2. Functions of the innate immune system include all of these EXCEPT: (A) to eliminate pathogens directly. (B) to mediate the inflammatory response. (C) to activate the adaptive immune system. (D) All of these are functions of the innate immune system.arrow_forwardVaccination increases the number of(A) different receptors that recognize a pathogen.(B) lymphocytes with receptors that can bind to the pathogen.(C) epitopes that the immune system can recognize.(D) MHC molecules that can present an antigenarrow_forwardCD4 markers are associated with, (a) cytotoxic cells. (b) regulatory cells. (c) helper T cells. (d) a, b, and c.arrow_forward
- Explain the mechanism by which (A) macrophages and NK cells, and (B) macrophages and effector T cells become mutually activated in the course of an innate and adaptive immune response, respectively. (C) Which gene defects would impair these mutual activation processes?arrow_forwardInterferons are: (a) Cytokine barriers (b) Physical barriers (c) Cellular barriers (d) Physiological barriersarrow_forwardPerforins are destructive proteins associated with the activity of, (a) T cells. (b) B cells. (c) macrophages. (d) plasma cells.arrow_forward
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