What does the occurrence of the similar enzymes (Rag1 and Rag 2) in purple sea urchin that was primarily thought to found only in jawed vertebrates suggests about the evolution of adaptive immune system. Introduction: Immunity is the process of defense performed by an individual’s body in response to a foreign agent that invades the body. Innate immunity is a kind of immunity that is seen in individuals from birth. All animals possess innate immunity that is their first line of defense against any antigen. Adaptive immunity develops after encountering infectious agents.

Question

Want to see the full answer?

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 45, Problem 15TYU

Summary Introduction

To determine: What does the occurrence of the similar enzymes (Rag1 and Rag 2) in purple sea urchin that was primarily thought to found only in jawed vertebrates suggests about the evolution of adaptive immune system.

Introduction: Immunity is the process of defense performed by an individual’s body in response to a foreign agent that invades the body. Innate immunity is a kind of immunity that is seen in individuals from birth. All animals possess innate immunity that is their first line of defense against any antigen. Adaptive immunity develops after encountering infectious agents.

Expert Solution & Answer

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Students have asked these similar questions

Sponges display nonspecific immunity. In an experiment, the cells of two different sponges were mixed and placed within a petri dish. The cells from each sponge sorted and arranged themselves together according to organism. What does this characteristic demonstrate? A. Sponges have memory T-cells and share a more recent common ancestor with vertebrates than other invertebrates. B. The experiment provides evidence for the speed of evolution and the use of specific immunity within the organism. C. Sponges have an ability to recognize their own cells as a characteristic of acquired immunity. D. Sharing genetic information from cell to cell is possible by means of receptors and protein-lined pits.

A vaccination is developed for a novel viral infection, and the antigen used corresponds to a short stretch of a protein found on the surface of the virus. In clinical trials, people who were exposed to the virus a second time had superior immunity to people who were given the vaccine then exposed to the virus for the first time. What is the BEST explanation for this difference? The vaccination promoted the production of all memory B cells whereas natural infection promoted the proliferation of only those memory B cells specific to the virus. The vaccination promoted the production of the correct memory B cells whereas natural infection did not. People exposed to the virus were able to make many different antibodies that bind different antigens on the virus. Vaccinations promote selection of memory B cells, whereas a natural infection triggers production of cytotoxic B cells.

For some time there has been evidence that the Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine provides protection not only against the target disease (Mycobacterium tuberculosis), but also enhances responses to other infections (such as Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans). Do you think the enhanced response to other infections, as described, is due to innate responses to the vaccine or adaptive responses? Explain your answer.