Life: The Science of Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781319010164
Author: David E. Sadava, David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, Sally D. Hacker
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Chapter 4.3, Problem 2R
Summary Introduction
To review:
The reason for which the ribozymes’ discovery proved to be important in ribonucleic acid (RNA) world hypothesis development.
Introduction:
Ribozymes are enzymes, which are not made up of proteins, instead they are composed of ribonucleotides. The fact that RNA molecules get translated to form a functional protein product as well as can undergo its own replication, proved that RNA could be the first biological molecule to start the origin of life. With the discovery of ribozymes, this claim proved to be correct that RNA came before protein or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
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Life: The Science of Biology
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- Many people believe the first carriers of genetic information were RNAs, not DNAs. They cite modern examples of RNAs that have enzymatic activity and also encode proteins. Briefly describe an example.arrow_forwardThe genes for ribosomal RNA are highly conserved(relatively few sequence changes) in all organisms onEarth; thus, they have evolved very slowly over time. Wereribosomal RNA genes “born” perfect?arrow_forwardAll of the subunits in bacterial RNA polymerases have homologues in both archaeal and eukaryotic RNA polymerases. What does this suggest about the evolution of these enzymes?arrow_forward
- If nitrogenous bases (A, G, C, T or U) could polymerize to chains of nucleotides, could this eventually form the structure shown in the figure above? Would an RNA structure that can act as an enzyme, such as the one shown above, have been the result of chemical evolution with competition between replicating RNA molecules? Or was it likely the first RNA molecule that arose from a chain of nitrogenous bases could immediately act as an enzyme?arrow_forwardGeneticists have found that when they cut out a eukaryotic gene from genomic DNA that they can hybridize one of the strands of that gene to the mRNA for that gene by allowing the strands to hydrogen bond. Why did the appearance of these hybridized strands provide evidence of the existence of introns in eukaryotic genes?arrow_forwardIn what way is ribozymal activity essential to modem life, based on our coverage? It catalyzes folding of each tRNA. It catalyzes pyrophosphate hydrolysis. It catalyzes peptide bond formation. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the fully-translated polypeptide from the final RNA. It catalyzes charging of each tRNA.arrow_forward
- What evidence supports the view that ribosomal RNAs are a more important component of the ribosome than the ribosomal proteins?arrow_forwardBriefly describe the significance of regulatory RNAs in creating the increased complexity of organisms.arrow_forwardIt has been suggested that the present-day triplet genetic codeevolved from a doublet code when there were fewer amino acidsavailable for primitive protein synthesis. As determined by comparisons of ancient and recently evolved proteins, cysteine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine appear to be latearriving amino acids. In addition, they are considered to have been absent in the abiotic Earth. All three of these amino acids have only two codons each, while many others, earlier in origin, have more. Is this mere coincidence, or might there be some underlying explanation?arrow_forward
- The nucleotide triplet AAA is the codon for Lysine. This codon originated from the following piece of DNA: 3’ – TTT – 5’. A) Illustrate the wobble hypothesis, listing an alternative codon for Lysine. List the newly created mRNA codon AND the mutated DNA sequence that was used as a template. B)Illustrate how this codon (AAA) could easily mutate into a STOP codon via a single nucleotide substitution. List the newly created STOP codon AND the mutated DNA sequence that was used for a template in this case.arrow_forwardYou don't need the internet to exchange "gene-mail" with your friends, you have your own way to share the latest genes for things like antibiotic resistance. a. What is the structure being described? b. What is the chemical composition of this structure? c. What is the function of the structure, and how does it benefit the bacteria? I'm not getting this riddle.arrow_forwardIn relation to central dogma of molecular biology answer the following questions: Imagine that the mRNA codons consisted of only two nucleotides instead of three nucleotides. Would there be a sufficient number of codons for all twenty amino acids? Explain your answer.arrow_forward
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