Life: The Science of Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781319010164
Author: David E. Sadava, David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, Sally D. Hacker
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Question
Chapter 41.2, Problem 2R
Summary Introduction
To review:
The reason as to why a speck of dust landing on the skin does not lead to an innate immune response, while a bacterium does.
Introduction:
The immune system can be divided into innate immunity and the adaptive immunity. Innate immunity is referred as the first line of defense and mainly includes physical and chemical barriers. It is nonspecific and acts on all potential harmful invaders without discrimination.
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionStudents have asked these similar questions
The immune system can be split into two major categories, the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system. Compare and contrast these two systems and their response to a bacterial pathogen that entered the body through a cut in the skin.
In your answer describe two ways in which the innate immune system protects against this pathogen, as well as two ways that the adaptive immune system protectS against this pathogen. Be sure to name any cells/organs/tissues/structures that may be involved in each of these processes in order to receive full marks. This can be done as a list in point form.
This week you learned about the role that macrophages, neutrophils, and cytokines play in the innate immune response and looked at how they contribute to the development of inflammation and the inflammatory and the acute phase response.
In certain bacterial illnesses, particularly lung infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a physician may not treat the patient with antibiotics (which will kill the microorganisms), but rather give the patient anti-inflammatory medications.
Why might a physician choose to inhibit inflammation in the case of an infection?
What types of damage might the inflammatory response do to the surrounding tissues, not just the bacteria it was designed to combat?
In Lubeck, Germany, in 1930, a group of 251 infants was accidentally administered a tainted vaccine for tuberculosis that contained live Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This vaccine was administered orally, directly exposing the infants to the deadly bacterium. Many of these infants contracted tuberculosis, and some died. However, 44 of the infants never contracted tuberculosis. Based on your knowledge of the innate immune system, what innate defenses might have inhibited M. tuberculosis enough to prevent these infants from contracting the disease?
Chapter 41 Solutions
Life: The Science of Biology
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- It's the first day of university exams and Sarah has woken up with a sore throat, headache, muscle aches and a low grade fever. Her GP diagnoses her with a viral infection and tells her to go home, rest and drink plenty of fluids.Question 1A:Name one of the most likely innate immune system receptors to initially detect this infection and where in host cells this receptor is located? Question 1B: Which cytokine primarily drives the innate anti-viral host response? Question 1C: Describe the antiviral signaling events that take place inside an infected cell in response to this cytokine. Question 1D: Provide a biological explanation for why Sarah was more likely to suffer a viral infection during her periodarrow_forwardNeutralizing antibodies are effective at preventing infection or toxicity mediated by pathogens or their toxic products. In fact, nearly all vaccines currently in use function by eliciting neutralizing antibodies. One example is the tetanus vaccine, in which neutralizing antibodies are generated against an inactivated form of the tetanus toxin (the tetanus toxoid). The most important feature of a neutralizing antibody is having high affinity for the antigen. being efficient at activating the complement cascade. having a high degree of multivalency, such as being a pentamer or hexamer of immunoglobulin monomers. being present at a high concentration in the circulation. 0 0 0 0arrow_forwardWhich one of the following statements regarding our innate immune system is false? Question 15 options: The normal flora takes up space so that pathogenic microbes can't grow. The skin prevents entry of microbes into the body. Coughing speeds up the ciliary escalator, while smoking can destroy it. Phagocytosis destroys microbes that have escaped our physical and chemical barriers. Macrophages create antibodies against specific microbes.arrow_forward
- Why is innate immunity referred to as nonspecific? because it is a form of defense found in all animal species because it provides defense against a wide range of pathogens because it is a form of defense that functions in all human body systems because it provides a built-in mechanism of defense that does not require "training"arrow_forwardSome primitive organisms, such as invertebrates, have no lymphocytes and thus lack an adaptive immune system, but they have somecomponents of an innate immune system, including phagocytes andcertain protective proteins. What are some general features of innateimmunity that make it very valuable to organisms lacking more specific antibody- and cell-mediated responses? What are some disadvantages to having only an innate immune system?arrow_forwardAlthough the immune system has two arms, it has been said, “No T cells, no immunity.” How is this so?arrow_forward
- One beautiful warm day in June, you are on a picnic and are stung on your finger by a bee. Although it hurt a little, you are soon enjoying the early summer day. The next morning you wake up to fi nd that your finger is swollen, quite stiff, red, and warmer than the rest of your fi ngers. In addition, you seem to have a bit of a fever.a. Which parts of the immune system seem to be activated?b. Which classic responses to injury did you experience?c. Explain which cytokines and cell types were probably most responsible for manyof your symptoms.arrow_forwardThe innate immune system has to be able to detect foreign invaders. Explain two ways that the innate immune system is able to detect these foreign invaders to allow a response to be mounted.arrow_forwardThe Immune System Match the term to the definition. NOTE: If you want to change your selection, you'll need to delete the one you already chose. After you delete it, the list of choices will pop back up and you can make a different choice. The most specialized type of immune response. | The marker on the surface of a pathogen that allows your body to Antibody recognize it as something foreign in your system. The lag phase or period The non-specific response which involves targeting any invaders that are not recognized by your body. Third line of defense of the immune system Antigen Specialized proteins that target specific markers on the surface of a pathogen to facilitate the process of eliminating a pathogen. First line of defense of the immune system Second line of defense of the immune system The barriers that prevent a pathogen from entering. The time it takes for the full body response to be triggered between the detection of the antigen and the production of antibodies.arrow_forward
- you can make billions of different B cell receptors, why?arrow_forwardWhat does innate mean? How is the innate immune system different from the adaptive immune system? Compare the strategies of innate immunity with strategies of adaptive immunity. Give specific examples. How do vaccines protect us from diseases? Which cells in the immune system become activated after the injection? Your answer should be written as 2 or more paragraphs with a total word count of 400 or more.arrow_forwardBriar Rose pricks her finger on a nasty - and rather dirty looking - wooden spindle, receiving a painful splinter. She decides to ignore the splinter and wrapsa bandage around her finger. The next day, Briar Rose had red streaks running up her right arm and they feel warm to the touch. A few days later she notices tender swollen bumps in her right armpit. What happened to her arm and armpit? Describe in terms of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. Note: this is not the first time she has pricked her finger!arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
- Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Co...BiologyISBN:9781305251052Author:Michael CummingsPublisher:Cengage Learning
Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Co...
Biology
ISBN:9781305251052
Author:Michael Cummings
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Immune System and Immune Response Animation; Author: Medical Sciences Animations;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JDdbUBXPKc4;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY
Immune response: summary; Author: Dr Bhavsar Biology;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ADANgHkX4OY;License: Standard Youtube License