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Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780134580999
Author: Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher: PEARSON
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One beautiful warm day in June, you are on a picnic and are stung on your finger by a bee. Although it hurt a little, you are soon enjoying the early summer day. The next morning you wake up to fi nd that your finger is swollen, quite stiff, red, and warmer than the rest of your fi ngers. In addition, you seem to have a bit of a fever.
a. Which parts of the immune system seem to be activated?
b. Which classic responses to injury did you experience?
c. Explain which cytokines and cell types were probably most responsible for manyof your symptoms.
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- Max is bitten by a rattlesnake while on a camping trip. His friends immediately apply ice packs to the bitten area to slow the spread of the protein-based toxin; they then rush him to an emergency facility. Upon doing blood work, it was determined that Max had a bacterial infection from a tick bite resulting in a primary humoral response. The doctor told Max that he was lucky because the tick could have also caused Lyme's disease, but he had natural active immunity to that microbe. Explain why Max did not also get Lyme's disease. What role did his immune system play in preventing this infectious disease?arrow_forwardList and describe the components of the non-specific immune division response. List and describe the components of the specific immunity division response. When the specific immune responses are active the non-specific responses cease. True or False?arrow_forwardPart b pleasearrow_forward
- Explain antigen-antibody interactions. Using the following diagram, interpret the two types of antibody responses, primary and secondary, to presentation of a specific antigen. In your answer you should refer to the structure and function of the IgM and IgG antibodies. You may use a diagram(s) as part of your explanation. Interpret antigen/antibody interactions with references in Harvard stylearrow_forwardMiya fell in the playground and a splinter got stuck in her arm. Describe in your own words and in detail how Mia's immune system will react to the splinter in her arm. What is this reaction called and what are the immune cells and proteins/molecules involved.arrow_forwardIn studies of skin grafts, thymectomized mice (their thymus has been removed) are often used. B cells don’t develop in the thymus, but nonetheless, these mice are often subject to infection. Why would the removal of the thymus improve the success of skin grafts, but adversely affect immunity?arrow_forward
- Compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity by matching the following characteristics with the correct arm of immunity, using I for innate and A for adaptive: a. Is the first to engage on initial encounter with antigen b. Is the most pathogen specific c. Employs T and B lymphocytes d. Adapts during the response e. Responds identically during a first and second exposure to the same antigen f. Responds more effectively during a subsequent exposure g. Includers a memory component h. Is the target of vaccination i. Can involve the use of PAMP receptors j. Involves antigen-specific receptors binding to pathogens k. Can be mediated by antibodiesarrow_forwardEhrlich's original idea of the selective theory for lymphocyte specificity postulated that a lymphocyte expresses many different antigen-specific receptors, with a foreign antigen or pathogen "selecting" one specific receptor. We now know that the outcome of clonal selection for B cells is the secretion of many copies of the same B-cell receptor in the form of a soluble antibody (humoral immunity). In what specific way was Ehrlich's original theory later refined? What are the challenges to aligning Ehrlich's original model with the above observation of humoral immunity? Does our current model of clonal selection fit this observation any better?arrow_forwardThree effects of complement activation: (1) inflammation (2) opsonization (3) cytolysis of pathogens. Describe the three effects in at least one complete sentence for each. You should clearly explain *how* complement activation results in the three different effects.arrow_forward
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