Life: The Science of Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781319010164
Author: David E. Sadava, David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, Sally D. Hacker
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Videos
Question
Chapter 41.1, Problem 3R
Summary Introduction
To review:
The comparison of the genes involved in immunity in insects and humans.
Introduction:
The immune system is a defense mechanism of the host that protects the animal against diseases caused by pathogens like bacteria and virus. It involves many structures and processes that enable the animal to detect the presence of harmful pathogens in the body.
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Students have asked these similar questions
In order to vaccinate people against diseases by having them eat antigens (such as the cholera toxin) or antibodies expressed in an edible vaccine, the antigen must reach the cells of the small intestine in order to enter the bloodstream. What are some potential problems of this method?
Suppose you are designing a study to determine whether a vaccine is effective. You recruit volunteers and then assign them into two groups. Which of the following is a better way to determine if the vaccine works in a wide variety of people?
(a) Recruit people from a variety of backgrounds: different ethnicities, ages,
sexes, etc... and then randomly form two groups.
(b) Recruit people for the study who are very similar to one another, such as married nonsmoker female nurses in their forties who don't drink with no health problems and good incomes, then randomly form two groups
The study by Wakefield et al. that purported to show a link between autism and the MMR vaccine was published in a peer-review journal. Later, it was retracted, which means that the journal's editors thought that the study shouldn't have been published. Which of the following were problems with the study?
(a) There were important potential confounding variables, because the groups with and without the vaccine were recruited in different ways.
(b) It contained lies.
(c) It did not disclose that Wakefield's conflict of interest that he was involved in suing vaccine companies.
(d) All of the above
Chapter 41 Solutions
Life: The Science of Biology
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- You are testing whether or not there is a difference between the weights of healthy mice, and those infected with the mouse equivalent of COVID-19. You notice that the sick mice tend to have lower weight. To see if this is statistically significant, you run a t-test. What are your null and alternative hypotheses? Choose the best answer. O a. Null: Slck mice have lower weights than healthy mice; Alternative: There is no difference between the groups O b. Null: There is no difference between the groups; Alternative: There is a difference between the groups c. Null: Sick mice have higher weights than healthy mice; Alternative: Sick mice have lower weights than healthy mice O d. There is no difference between the groups; Alternative: Sick mice have higher weights than healthy micearrow_forward(65) A new strain of influenza virus emerges that results in world wide pandemic of influenza. Affected persons lack pre-existing immunity to this strain. Which of the following genetic mechanism best explains the emergence of this pandemic strain? (A) Deletion (B) insertion (C) Point Mutation (D) Reassortment (E) Recombinationarrow_forwardAssume you are studying the infection dynamics between a species of spider and a species of ringworm that infects the spider. You sequence the genomes of each species for 30 years and find that each of these species has evolved adaptations. Specifically, the spider has evolved immune system adaptations to remove the ringworm and the ringworm has evolved counter-adaptations to evade the spider's immune system. Surprisingly, you find that the ability of the ringworm to infect the spider has not changed over 30 years. The finding that infectiousness has not changed in 30 years would be in support of which of the following? a. The Red Queen Hypothesis b. Muller's Ratchet c. The Asexual Reproduction Benefit Hypothesis d. The Genetic Load Hypothesisarrow_forward
- using a molecular genetic approach how can one generate a mouse missing an adaptive immune responsearrow_forwardOne objection many people have about vaccinations is the amount and variety of chemicals in them. Many people don't realize how easy the ingredients are to find — they're required in the product inserts for each vaccination produced. Using the internet, go and find a product insert for a typical vaccine (e.g. influenza vaccine, HPV vaccine, hepatitis B vaccine, etc.). Identify each component contained within it, the amount of that component, and briefly describe what that component does. Go to http://www.vaccinesafety.edu/package_inserts.htmarrow_forwardwhy do we use chimera for possible organ transplantation? Why not use only pig or monkey as their genetic makeup is quite similar to human.arrow_forward
- In the Spring and Summer of 2020, mass protests erupted across the US in response to police violence against African Americans. At the same time, the US was experiencing a COVID-19 pandemic. Many public health experts wondered whether participating in these protests (exposure) would be associated with being diagnosed with COVID-19 (outcome). Imagine you have been hired to draft a plan to study this potential association. There are many parts of the discussion. Be sure to answer all questions. • Which study design would you choose? (Almost any design is okay). Explain the factors that influenced why you selected that one. Include some of the benefits/drawbacks of your selected study design and the benefits/drawbacks of ONE of the study designs you did not select. • Write your research question and make a hypothesis about the results. • Research question should be neutral. Do not include words such as "increases" or "decreases." • Hypothesis can include words such as "increases" or…arrow_forwardThe National Institutes of Health (NIH) set up a study to determine whether large doses of vitamin C would shorten the length of time it takes to recover from a cold. Three thousand volunteers were split into two groups. For two weeks, members of Group A took 3,000 mg of vitamin C daily. Group B received 3,000 mg of a placebo. At the end of the two-week period, the researchers inserted live cold viruses directly into the noses of all the volunteers. The volunteers in both Group A and B continued to take their daily pills. All the volunteers got colds, and there was no significant difference in the length of time the colds lasted. What is the experimental group in this example? Select the best answer. Group B. Three thousand volunteers. Group A. The live cold virus. Length of time the colds lasted. The vitamin C. Size of pill (3000 mg).arrow_forwardIn a recent influenza epidemic, physicians were utilizing a rapid diagnostic test to determine which patients were infected with influenza type A, type B, or not infected with influenza virus. Such a test was not available in the massive 1918 outbreak that killed millions of people around the globe. How might the availability of such a test have impacted that outbreak, and why?arrow_forward
- If you suspected that heterozygous carriers of a particular disease gene had a selective advantage in resisting a type of infection, how would you go about testing that hypothesis?arrow_forwardHookworms, parasitic nematodes transmitted through contact between bare feet and soil,infect nearly a half billion people. In the small SE Asian nation of Timor-Leste, infection rates insome regions approach 70%, and the resulting anemia from these infections has a serious impacton quality of life. Health officials are concerned by a recent rise in Ivermectin-resistant cases inthe isolated enclave of Oecussi, and are worried about these drug resistance genes spreading tothe capital Dili, 165 km away. You genotype diploid female hookworms, Ancylostoma ceylanicum,from 100 patients in each location for a neutral locus with two alleles A1 & A2.You find the following genotypic count data: A1/A1 A1/A2 A2/A2 Oecussi 36 48 16 Dili 9 42 3a. Use these data to calculate FST between these two populations. 3b. Assuming that these two populations are in drift/migration equilibrium, what is the effectivenumber of migrants moving between them each generationarrow_forwardWhat is the function of insulator sequences?What does Hox genes stand for? What is a sequence of homeobox genes?arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Co...BiologyISBN:9781305251052Author:Michael CummingsPublisher:Cengage Learning
Biology (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781337392938Author:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. BergPublisher:Cengage Learning
Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Co...
Biology
ISBN:9781305251052
Author:Michael Cummings
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Biology (MindTap Course List)
Biology
ISBN:9781337392938
Author:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg
Publisher:Cengage Learning
7 Freudian Defence Mechanisms Explained; Author: Lewis Psychology;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fTnjJ105ze4;License: Standard youtube license