Biochemistry
9th Edition
ISBN: 9781319114671
Author: Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Chapter 35, Problem 13P
Interpretation Introduction
Interpretation:
The test for the model proposed by Linus Pauling, having different specificity and different folding, but the same amino acid sequence should be designed.
Concept introduction:
The antibodies are the immunoglobulins (Ig) made up of two types of chains that is a light chain and heavy chain. The immunoglobulin is a class of proteins found in the plasma of the animals. The antigens are the substance that can elicit an immune response by binding to the antibody.
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Please help. Research and describe a rapid antibody test used to detect a disease.
Name of test
Name of disease used for
Manufacturer
What antibodies are tested for (class of antibodies)
Why are those specific class/classes of antibodies tested for?
Is the test considered reliable?
Why or why not is it reliable?
Would you use this test for yourself or your family? Why or why not?
MCQ.
It is possible to incubate your tissue with two different primary antibodies simultaneously. If this is done, it is imperative that you can track each primary antibody with a different color. For example, one secondary antibody is tagged with Alexa488 which emits as green and another secondary antibody is tagged with Alexa 555 which emits as orange. Which of the following immunohistochemistry protocols is appropriate?
a. Using Rabbit anti-GFAP and Rabbit anti-S100beta, followed by anti-rabbit Alexa 488 secondary antibody
b. Using Rabbit anti-GFAP and Chicken anti-S100beta, followed by anti-rabbit Alexa 488 and anti-chicken Alexa 555 secondary antibodies
c. Using Rabbit anti-GFAP and Chicken anti-S100beta, followed by anti-rabbit Alexa 555 and anti-chicken Alexa 555 secondary antibodies
d. Using Rabbit anti-GFAP and Rabbit anti-S100beta, followed by anti-rabbit Alexa 488 and anti-rabbit Alexa 555 secondary antibodies
Describe the pathway to how the adaptive immune system would become activated if a toxoid passed through a lymph node. Recall, lymph nodes have two types of resident antigen presenting cells. Start from one of the immune cells that detects the toxoid – be sure to include which immune cells are involved, what receptors are present, and what the outcome is. Then, start from the second immune cell that can detect the toxoid and follow the same format.
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- Before the mechanism for generating antibody diversity had been established, a mechanism based on protein folding around an antigen was proposed, primarily by Linus Pauling. In this model, antibodies that had different specificities had the same amino acid sequence but were folded in different ways. Propose a test of this model.arrow_forwardComplement activation is a cascade reaction, with each component sequentially acting onothers, in a similar way to the blood-clotting system. Discuss the effects that occur whenpeptides are generated from the activation by either the classical or the alternative pathwayarrow_forwardalpha:beta TCRs are membrane-bound proteins comprised of two polypeptides linked by a disulfide bond. Both polypeptide components of the alpha:beta TCR are members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, and each of their domains share structural similarity with regions of antibody proteins. However, due to the different functions of TCRs versus antibodies, the overall domain organization of the TCR is not the same as for an antibody. In the figure below, describe three features that are incorrect illustrations of the alpha:beta TCR.arrow_forward
- Neutralizing antibodies are effective at preventing infection or toxicity mediated by pathogens or their toxic products. In fact, nearly all vaccines currently in use function by eliciting neutralizing antibodies. One example is the tetanus vaccine, in which neutralizing antibodies are generated against an inactivated form of the tetanus toxin (the tetanus toxoid). The most important feature of a neutralizing antibody is having high affinity for the antigen. being efficient at activating the complement cascade. having a high degree of multivalency, such as being a pentamer or hexamer of immunoglobulin monomers. being present at a high concentration in the circulation. 0 0 0 0arrow_forwardExplain how site-specific recombination of the κ light-chain gene increases antibody diversity.arrow_forwarduple Choice. Write the letter of the correct response that best answers each question. 17. What type of immunity is responsible for agglutination of viruses? A. passive immunity B. cell mediated immunity C. nonspecific immunity D. antibody immunity 18. Which of the following best describes the immunity gained from a vaccine? A. nonspecific B. active C. passive D. artificial The dinarrow_forward
- From: "Towards a universal flu vaccine" Each year, the flu vaccine includes antigens from two strains of Influenza A and two strains of Influenza B. These antigens are from the head of the H spikes an area that sticks out from the virus and so, is very easy for human immune cells to detect. However, the problem with using the head of the H spike as an antigen is... O The H spike head mutates very rapidly, so quickly changes to forms not recognized by human immune cells. O The H spike head is exposed on the surface of the virus for only a short period of time. Viruses quickly pull the H spikes back inside the virus, shiclding them from human immune cells. O The H spike head is often too big for the human immune cells to attack. O The H spike head is often too small for the human immune cells to bind to.arrow_forwardPlease select correct letter. Fill in the Blank: The structure of an antibody, which our cells use to detect and flag pathogens for immune destruction, is a ________________ structure protein. a) fractal b) quaternary c) primary d) tertiary True or False: In eukaryotic cells (such as human cells), the variety and diversity of proteins is much less than the variety and diversity of lipids. Fill in the Blanks: The building blocks of our cell proteins are called _____________________ ; and the number of different types of these building blocks are _____ .a) lipids ; 10 b) amino acids ; 20 c) nucleotides ; 30 d) nucleic acids ; 3010.arrow_forwardEach immunoglobulin (Ig) domain is composed of a structure known as a ‘b-sandwich,’ which consists of two b sheets covalently linked by a disulfide bond. Only a subset of the ~110 amino acids in each domain are required to establish this overall structure, and it is these amino acids that are highly conserved when comparing Ig domains to each other. What might be the advantage of this structure for use as antibody variable domains?arrow_forward
- Please help me I really a comprehensive explanation please help. Talk about covid and why it’s a problem and what it is ?? Discuss our immune system and the type of immune systems people can have as well as what antibodies are ?? What is about vaccination and what type of vaccinations we use here in NZ for covid ??arrow_forwardQuestion. If you are working in a diagnostic lab, what will be your choice among Monoclonal or Polyclonal Antibodies method for detection of specific pathogen? Give sufficient justification for selection as well as rejection of any given methods.arrow_forwardCode_M02. Enumerate and explain the different types of hypersensitivity reactions. Give 2 examples each. ?arrow_forward
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