Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap Course List)
9th Edition
ISBN: 9781285866932
Author: Lauralee Sherwood
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Textbook Question
Chapter 3, Problem 3SQE
Using the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation, determine what happens to the resting membrane potential if the ECF
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Use the Goldman Equation to calculate the resting membrane potential at 37°C for each case:
In the Nernst equation [V = 62 log10 (Co/ Ci)], the term Co represents:
the intracellular concentration of calcium
the extracellular concentration of potassium
the extracellular concentration of sodium
the intracellular concentration of potassium
the membrane potential (in millivolts)
In the Nernst equation [V = 62 log10 (Co/ Ci)], the term Co represents:
the intracellular concentration of potassium
the intracellular concentration of chloride
the membrane potential (in millivolts)
the extracellular concentration of sodium
the extracellular concentration of potassium
Chapter 3 Solutions
Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 3.1 - Draw how phospholipid molecules align themselves...Ch. 3.1 - Prob. 2CYUCh. 3.1 - Prob. 3CYUCh. 3.2 - Prob. 1CYUCh. 3.2 - Prob. 2CYUCh. 3.2 - Prob. 3CYUCh. 3.3 - Prob. 1CYUCh. 3.3 - Distinguish between passive and active forces that...Ch. 3.4 - List the means of unassisted membrane transport.Ch. 3.4 - Prob. 2CYU
Ch. 3.4 - Prob. 3CYUCh. 3.5 - Draw a graph comparing simple diffusion down a...Ch. 3.5 - Describe what causes the carrier to change shape...Ch. 3.5 - Distinguish between symport and antiport.Ch. 3.6 - Prob. 1CYUCh. 3.6 - Describe the relative contributions of k+ and Na+...Ch. 3.6 - Prob. 3CYUCh. 3 - The nonpolar tails of the phospholipid molecules...Ch. 3 - Prob. 2RECh. 3 - Prob. 3RECh. 3 - At resting membrane potential, there is a slight...Ch. 3 - Using the answer code on the right, indicate which...Ch. 3 - Prob. 6RECh. 3 - Prob. 7RECh. 3 - Prob. 1UCCh. 3 - Prob. 2UCCh. 3 - What two properties of a particle influence...Ch. 3 - Prob. 4UCCh. 3 - Prob. 5UCCh. 3 - Prob. 6UCCh. 3 - Describe the contribution of each of the following...Ch. 3 - Using the Nernst equation, calculate the...Ch. 3 - One of the important uses of the Nernst equation...Ch. 3 - Using the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation, determine...Ch. 3 - When William H. was helping victims after a...Ch. 3 - Which of the following methods of transport is...Ch. 3 - Assume that a membrane permeable to Na+ but not to...Ch. 3 - A solution may have the same osmolarity as normal...Ch. 3 - Prob. 4TAHLCh. 3 - Prob. 5TAHL
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- One of the important uses of the Nernst equation is in describing the flow of ions across plasma membranes. Ions move under the influence of two forces: the concentration gradient (given in electrical units by the Nernst equation) and the electrical gradient (given by the membrane voltage). This is summarized by Ohms law: Ix=Gx(VmEx) which describes the movement of ion x across the membrane. I is the current in amperes (A); G is the conductance, a measure of the permeability of x, in Siemens (S), which is I/V;Vm is the membrane voltage; and Ex is the equilibrium potential of ion x. Not only does this equation tell how large the current is, but it also tells what direction the current is flowing. By convention, a negative value of the current represents either a positive ion entering the cell or a negative ion leaving the cell. The opposite is true of a positive value of the current. a. Using the following information, calculate the magnitude of Na [ Na+ ]0=145mM,[ Na+ ]i=15mM,Gna+=1nS,Vm=70mV b. Is Na+ entering or leaving the cell? c. Is Na+ moving with or against the concentration gradient? Is it moving with or against the electrical gradient?arrow_forwardExplain the Mechanism of action of RAAS in response to fall in NaClarrow_forwardBelow find the structures for ibogaine and cocaine. Ibogaine and cocaine inhibit the dopamine active transporter (DAT). This transporter is a secondary active transporter, and depends on the primary active transporter Na+/K+ ATPase. Ibogaine had a Kι = 2 μM, and cocaine a Kι = 0.64 μM respectively. (a) Define secondary active transport. (b) Is ibogaine an effective treatment for cocaine based on DAT binding?arrow_forward
- Enalaprilat is a competitive inhibitor of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACEACE), which cleaves the blood-pressure regulating peptide angiotensin I. ACEACE has a KM=52KM=52 μMμM for angiotensin I, which is present in plasma at a concentration of 75 μMμM. When enalaprilat is present at 2.4 nMnM, the activity of ACE in plasma is 14 %% of its uninhibited activity. What is the value of KIKI for enalaprilat?arrow_forwardThe membrane separating compartments A and B of the following chamber is permeable to Cl- ions (gCl = 5) but impermeable to water and K+. The initial concentrations of KCl in compartments A and B, before diffusion has occurred, are presented below. Use this information to answer questions 9-12. Note: Whenever necessary, consider compartment A as the ICF and compartment B as the ECF. KCl = 10 mM A KCl = 150 mM B 9. After equilibrium, the potential of compartment A will be _____mV (include polarity) compared to a reference of 0 mV. Consider compartment B as the outside. A) -70 mV B) 70 mV C) -90 mV D) 90 mV 10. At equilibrium, the flux of Cl- from compartment A to compartment B will be ______ the flux of Cl- from compartment B to compartment A. A) equal to B) less than C) more than 11. Increasing the concentration of [Cl-] in compartment B from 150 mM to 200 mM will ______________. A) make ECl more positive B) make EK more negative C) make ECl more negative D) not change the value of ECl…arrow_forwardDescribe the normal functioning of the Na-K pump, with special attention on how phosphorylation state affects ion binding affinity.arrow_forward
- By how much, and in which direction, will EK be altered by (a) halving and (b) multiplying by five the concentration of K+ in the saline?arrow_forwardWith regard to fluid movement between body fluid compartments, what effect does oral/parenteral administration of a hypotonic NaCl solution (0.45% NaCl, 145 mOsm/kg) have on the volume & osmolality of the extracellular fluid compartment (ECF), and on the volume & osmolality of the intracellular fluid compartment (ICF)? Clearly explain your reasoningarrow_forwardConsider the effect of a twofold increase in the ECF concentration of Na+ or K+ ions. Which increase in ion concentration is the more deadly and why?arrow_forward
- Calculate the equilibrium membrane potential for Na* for an extracellular fluid concentration of 138 mM and an intracellular fluid concentration of 16 mM. Bereken die ewewigsmembraan potensiaal vir Na* vir 'n ekstrasellulêrevloeistof konsentrasie van 138 mM en 'n intrasellulêre vloeistof konsentrasie van 16 mM. a. -90 mV. b. -84 mV. C. -72 mv. d. -63 mV. e. +57 mV.arrow_forwardThe osmolarity of plasma is maintained at about 300 mOsM. What would the osmolarity inside a red blood cell need to be to maintain osmotic equilibrium between the intracellular fluid and plasma? Give one specific reason why it is important to maintain plasma omolarity within a narrow range of values.arrow_forwardDescribe the contribution of each of the following to establishing and maintaining membrane potential: (a) the Na+K+ pump, (b) passive movement of K+ across the membrane, (c) passive movement of Na+ across the membrane, and (d) the large intracellular anions.arrow_forward
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