A spherical vessel used as a reactor for producing pharmaceuticals has a 5-mm-thick stainless steel wall
(a) The exterior surface of the vessel is exposed to ambient air
(b) Explore the effect of varying the convection coefficient on transient thermal conditions within the reactor.
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Introduction to Heat Transfer
- Heat and Work 0.2 kg of argon (mon-atomic ideal gas, R = 0.208 kJ/kgK ), initially at 250K, are confined in an isochoric system of 0.15 m^3 volume, and 2.5 kg of xenon (mon-atomic ideal gas, R = 0.063 kJ/kgK ), initially at 420K, are confined in an isobaric piston-cylinder system at 1.8 bar. Both systems are brought into thermal contact and equilibrate their temperatures with no heat loss to the outside. What is the final temperatures, pressures and volumes of both gases, the work done by both systems, and the amount of heat transferred between the two systems and the total generation of entropy? (Sgen= ∫ ?̇gen ?t ) and s=?? =3/2?, ?? =5/2?arrow_forwardWe have 1 m^3 of air (ideal gas), at the pressure p_1 = 10 atm, it undergoes an expansion at constant temperature; the final pressure is p_2 = 1 atm. Determine the work exchanged by the gas with the external environment in the course of this expansion, as well as the amount of heat exchanged with the external environment.arrow_forwardKrypton in a closed system is compressed adiabatically from 74 K and 1 bar to a final pressure of 24 bar. What is the final temperature in K? Assume krypton is an ideal gas. From Appendix B in the text, we can assume the heat capacity of krypton is independent of temperature and CP=2.5R , where R is the molar gas constant R=8.314 J/(mol K). For an ideal gas, recall CV=CP−R=1.5R. Report your answer in units of K using three decimal places.arrow_forward
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- 4. One mole of helium gas is injected into each side of a slidable, airtight lead piston that separates two chambers of a sealed cylinder. The outside of the cylinder is insulated everywhere except where noted below. The cylinder and piston have lengths and cross- sectional area labeled in the diagram. The helium in the left chamber is heated from outside at a rate of 450 W, and the helium in the other chamber expels heat into a cool region. The full system eventually comes to steady-state. When it reaches steady state, the force needed to hold on the end cap is measured to be 18,000 N, and the piston has slid to an equilibrium point that is a distance à from the left end. force holding cap = 18,000N pressure. cross-sectional area of cylinder = 0.02m² x = ? Imol He do dt = +450W 45cm 15cm lead piston a. Find the temperature difference of the two chambers. b. Find the distance x. dQ dt Assume helium behaves as an ideal gas, and that heat transfer through the container walls is…arrow_forwardKrypton in a closed system is compressed adiabatically from 94 K and 1 bar to a final pressure of 24 bar. Compute the required work. Assume krypton is an ideal gas. From Appendix B in the text, we can assume the heat capacity of krypton is independent of temperature and CP=2.5R , where R is the molar gas constant R=8.314 J/(mol K). For an ideal gas, recall CV=CP−R=1.5R. Report your answer in units of kJ/mol using three decimal places.arrow_forwardA certain material has the Helmoltz free energy given as: 3 V F(T,V,n) = –nRT Ln|CTZ nRT + na Where a, b, and C are constants. Calculate the following quantities as a function of T, V, and n. 1- Entropy 2- Pressure 3- Internal energy 4- Chemical potential 5- Enthalpy 6- Gibbs free energy 7-Heat capacity at constant volume 8- Heat capacity at constant pressurearrow_forward
- When 1 kg of coal is burned in the boiler, 10 m3 of exhaust gas is formed, the volume ratios of which are given below. With 220 C from the chimney If the exhaust gas released is reduced to 20 C, find the heat to be saved from each kg of coal according to the method you want? H20 4.55% ; 02 6.71%; CO2 11.83%; N2 76.9% and for all gases V=22.4 m3arrow_forward2. Two insulated cylinders A and B with volumes VA = 2.0 m³ and VB = 5.8 m³ contain chlorine gas at different pressures and temperatures. The cylinders are insulated (no heat is lost to or gained from the outside) and connected by a valve. Initially, the valve is) closed and the gas in the two cylinders has the following values: PA = 4.0x105 N/m², TA = 210 K, PB = 2.5x105 N/m², TB = 580 K. The valve is opened to allow the contents in the two cylinders to mix until the pressure equalizes. valve B a. Assuming there is no change in the temperatures of the containers themselves, determine the final temperature of the gas in the two cylinders. The atomic mass of chlorine gas is 35.4527 u. (1 u = 1.67377x1027 kg) b. Determine the final pressure?arrow_forward1. Determine the total work done by a gas system following an expansion process as shown in Figure. A 50 pv1:3 = C 0.2 0.4 0.8 V, m3 →p, bar 8arrow_forward
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