Concept explainers
a.
To determine: The differences between gene, allele, and locus.
Introduction: The genotype is the genetic constitution of the organism while the
b.
To determine: The differences between the genotype and phenotype.
Introduction: When the alleles inherited by the zygote are same then the genotype of the individual is called homozygous whereas, when the zygote inherits two different alleles it is called heterozygote.
c.
To determine: The differences between dominant and recessive.
Introduction: The alleles are the two contrasting variants of characters controlled by a specific gene. These alleles are distributed into the gametes during meiosis and then combined in a zygote during fertilization.
d.
To determine: The differences between complete dominance, incomplete dominance, and codominance.
Introduction: Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk, who worked on a pea plant to observe the pattern of inheritance of certain characters from the parent plant to the offsprings. He termed genes as factors that were passed from one generation to another. He proposed three laws which came are known as Mendel’s law of genetics.
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Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)
- Give typed explanation In pea plants, the tall allele (T) is dominant to the dwarf allele (t) and the yellow pea color allele (Y) is dominant to the green pea color allele (y). Cross TtYy with Ttyy. What would be the genotype and phenotype ratios in their offspring? (Please include the gametes produced by each parent.)arrow_forwarda. What is a complex trait? How many genes do we expect to affect a complex trait? b. How linkage (and linkage disequilibrium) relates to a GWAS?arrow_forwardA. Consider this cross before answering the following questions:A pea plant heterozygous for the first trait and recessive for the second trait is crossed with a pea plant heterozygous for the first trait and homozygous-dominant for the second trait. 1. It there is incomplete dominance in the expression of the two traits, what is the probability that the F1 progeny will be a. expressing the dominant feature for the second trait?b. expressing the dominant feature for both traits?c. expressing the dominant feature for the first trait and recessive feature for the second?d. expressing recessive feature for the first trait?e. expressing recessive feature for both traits?arrow_forward
- Phenotypic ratio: red : pink : white Solve the following genetic problems involving incomplete dominance. You must pick the right letter to represent the gene in the question. You must show your work using the Punnett square. 15. A rooster with grey feathers is mated with a hen of the same phenotype. Among their offspring 15 chicks are grey, 6 are black and 8 are white. a. What is the simplest explanation for the inheritance of these colors in chickens? b. What offspring would you expect from the mating of a grey rooster and a black hen?arrow_forwardI. In an exotic Peruvian plant, burgundy flowers (B) are dominant to pink flowers (b), green stalks (G) are dominant to yellow (g) and hairy leaves (H) are dominant to smooth leaves (h). What is the probability that the following pair of parents will produce the indicated offspring? Parent 1 = BbGgHh x Parent 2 = BBGghh -> Offspring = BBgghh Punnett squares for each individual trait can help you with this: 000 Parent 1 Parent 2 Probability= (BB) What is the phenotype of BBgghh? Which of the following options are gametes that Parent 1 can produce? Circle the correct one(s). hh BGH Bgh Bb bGh BgH Gg bGH BbGghh (gg) X (hh)arrow_forwardPart 1 With use of Punnett diagrams discuss how the results of experiments carried out by Austrian monk Gregor Mendel on pea plants brought about the Law of Dominance, the Law of Segregation, and the Law of Independent assortment. Part 2 In humans, the gene that produces the disease Sickle Cell Anaemia is recessive to the gene for healthy haemoglobin production. a) How can two phenotypically healthy parents have a child who suffers from Sickle cell Anaemia? In your answer use suitable letters to show the genotypes of the parents and construct a Punnett diagram to show all the possibilities of the children's genotypes. b) Based on the outcome of your Punnett diagram, state and explain the probability of a child being a sufferer of Sickle Cell Anaemia and the probability of a child not suffering from the disease. c) If an individual who suffers from Sickle cell disease has a child with someone who is healthy (and not carrying the sickle cell gene), what is the probability that the child…arrow_forward
- Part 1: Make a three part process drawing (like a cartoon strip) to demonstrate Mendel's Principle of Segregation. Use two parents with homologous chromosomes marked with alleles "A" and "a". Circle and label these three action parts of the Principle of Segregation: a) parents are diploid, b) alleles separate to form haploid gametes (indicate when this happens), and c) gametes from each parent combine at random to form diploid offspring Part 2: Use the cross Aa x Aa and a Punnett square to demonstrate Mendel's Principle of Segregation. Circle and label these three action parts of the Principle of Segregation: a) parents are diploid, b) alleles separate to form haploid gametes and c) gametes from each parent combine at random to form diploid offspring. Part 3: Use homologous chromosomes marked with alleles "A" and "a" and a second pair of homologs marked with alleles "B" and "b". to demonstrate Mendel's Principle of Independent Assortment in cells in Meiosis. Indicate what phase this…arrow_forwardPart 1: Make a three part process drawing (like a cartoon strip) to demonstrate Mendel’s Principle of Segregation. Use two parents with homologous chromosomes marked with alleles “A” and “a”. Circle and label these three action parts of the Principle of Segregation: a) parents are diploid, b) alleles separate to form haploid gametes (indicate when this happens), and c) gametes from each parent combine at random to form diploid offspring Part 2: Use the cross Aa x Aa and a Punnett square to demonstrate Mendel’s Principle of Segregation. Circle and label these three action parts of the Principle of Segregation: a) parents are diploid, b) alleles separate to form haploid gametes and c) gametes from each parent combine at random to form diploid offspring. Write the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios.arrow_forwardIntroduction: A dihybrid cross is a cross between individuals that involves two pairs of contrasting traits. To Predict the results of a dihybrid, cross all possible combinations of the four alleles from each parent must be considered. You will examine a dihybrid cross involving both color and texture. Purple (P), is dominate to yellow (p), and smooth texture (S) is dominant to wrinkled (s). Both parent plants are heterozygous for both traits. Review genetics and the use of Punnett squares in a biology text before doing this experiment.MATERIALS: Assume you have ear of Corn. You need a heterozygous X heterozygous 9:3:3:1, purple/yellow, starchy/sweet. PROCEDURE: From above please write out: The crop The parental (P) cross phenotype, genotype, gametes Cross between two F1 Selfed testcross 1. First let us use a Punnett square to examine the theoretical outcome of the Heterozygous X Heterozygous dihybrid cross. USE a Punnett square. REMEMBER: a phenotype is how the offspring will…arrow_forward
- Discuss why Mendel's hybrid offspring begin to exhibit the original traits expressed by the P1 generation or the pure-breeding parents used in the original cross. What would happen if the hybrid offspring were allowed to breed without interference from Mendel for an extended period of time and the different ways plants can breed.arrow_forwardA. Consider this cross before answering the following questions:A pea plant heterozygous for the first trait and recessive for the second trait is crossed with a pea plant heterozygous for the first trait and homozygous-dominant for the second trait. 1. If the first gene is demonstrating dominant epistasis to the second gene, what is the probability that the F1 progeny will expressa. the dominant feature for the second trait?b. the recessive feature for the second trait?c. Neither dominant nor recessive features for the second trait?arrow_forwarda. 1 dominant allele will contribute 120/10 = 12 cm to the base height of the plant.b. The height of the parent plant 1 Genotype of the parent plant 1 – D1D1D2D2D3D3d4d4d5d5 The height of the parent plant 2 Genotype of the parent plant 2 – d1d1d2d2d3d3D4D4D5D5Contributing alleles – D4D4D5D5. The height of the plant without any contributing alleles would be 80 cm. The plant with genotype d1d1d2d2d3d3D4D4D5D5 has 4 contributing allele each of which contributes 12 cm to the base. Hence, the height of the plant with genotype d1d1d2d2d3d3D4D4D5D5 would be 80 + 12 + 12 + 12 + 12 = 128 cm. c. Parents – D1D1D2D2D3D3d4d4d5d5 × d1d1d2d2d3d3D4D4D5D5 Gametes – D1D2D3d4d5 × d1d2d3D4D5 F1 generation – D1d1D2d2D3d3D4d4D5d5 The height of the plants of F1 generation = 80 + 12 + 12 + 12 + 12 + 12 = 140 cm Hence, Genotype of the F1 = D1d1D2d2D3d3D4d4D5d5 Phenotype of…arrow_forward
- Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Co...BiologyISBN:9781305251052Author:Michael CummingsPublisher:Cengage Learning