Campbell Biology
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780135188743
Author: Urry
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 26.3, Problem 3CC
WHAT IF? Ø Draw a phylogenetic tree that includes thc relationships from Figurc 25.7 and Figurc 26.16. Traditionally, all the taxa shown besides birds and mammals were classified as reptiles Would a cladistic approach support that Classification? Explain.
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a- What is Phylogenetics?
b- What are the types of Phylogenetics trees?
c- What ere the differences between Rooted and Unrooted Phylogenetics trees?
d- Using Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (LPGMA) construct the phylogenetic tree for the given data
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Draw a phylogenetic reconstruction for the hypothetical frog species. Once you have a cladogram you feel confident about, use lines and labels on cladogram to indicate where character states hanged. How many evolutionary changes occurred in your phylogeny? Is there evidence of an evolutionary convergence having occurred in your phylogeny? How about evolutionary reversals?
5. 5. Draw a phylogeny the following taxa: shark; tuna; frog; lizard; mouse; whale. On your phylogeny label the first occurrence/evolution of the following traits: cartilaginous skeleton; bony skeleton; hair; four limbs; shelled eggs. Describe a synapomorphy using any of the traits you labeled on the tree.
Chapter 26 Solutions
Campbell Biology
Ch. 26.1 - Prob. 1CCCh. 26.1 - Prob. 2CCCh. 26.1 - DRAW IT The bear family (Ursidae) is more closety...Ch. 26.2 - Decide whether each of the following pairs of...Ch. 26.2 - Prob. 2CCCh. 26.3 - Prob. 1CCCh. 26.3 - Prob. 2CCCh. 26.3 - WHAT IF? Draw a phylogenetic tree that includes...Ch. 26.4 - Explain how comparing proteins of two species can...Ch. 26.4 - WHAT IF? Suppose gene A is orthologous in species...
Ch. 26.4 - Prob. 3CCCh. 26.5 - What is a molecular clock? What assumption...Ch. 26.5 - Prob. 2CCCh. 26.6 - Why is the kingdom Monera no longer considered a...Ch. 26.6 - Prob. 2CCCh. 26.6 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Explain how the origin of...Ch. 26 - Humans and chimpanzees are sister species. Explain...Ch. 26 - Why is it necessary to distinguish homology from...Ch. 26 - Prob. 26.3CRCh. 26 - When reconstructing phylogenies, is it more useful...Ch. 26 - Prob. 26.5CRCh. 26 - Prob. 26.6CRCh. 26 - In a comparison of birds and mammals, the...Ch. 26 - To appiy parsimony to constructing a phylogenetic...Ch. 26 - VISUAL SKILLS In Figure 26.4, which similarly...Ch. 26 - Three living species X, Y, and Z share a common...Ch. 26 - Prob. 5TYUCh. 26 - If you were using cladistics to build a...Ch. 26 - VISUAL SKILLS The relative lengths of the frog and...Ch. 26 - EVOLUTION CONNECTION Darwin suggested looking at a...Ch. 26 - SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY DRAW IT (a) Draw a...Ch. 26 - WRITE ABOUT A THEME: INFORMATION In a Short essay...Ch. 26 - SYNTHESIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE This West Indian manatee...
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- The phylogenetic tree for 12 cat species (Felidae) reproduced at right was assembled from molecular sequence data. Which species is the domestic cats closest relative? Which clade is the sister taxon to tigers? Are bobcats more closely related to cougars or to ocelots? Source: From Warren E. Johnson et al. 2006. The late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment. Science 311:7377.arrow_forwardThe phylogenetic tree for vertebrates depicted below was constructed from sequence data for two rRNA mitochondrial genes (12S and 16S). How do the results of this analysis compare with the phylogenetic trees in Figures 32.10 and 32.24? Identify the major clades of vertebrates on the tree depicted below. Source: R. Zardoya and A. Meyer. 1998. Complete mitochondrial genome suggests diapsid affinities of turtles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 95:1422614231. Copyright 1998 National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A.arrow_forwardMaterials When constructing this phylogenetic tree, several different options were possible. The tree with the least number of evolutionary changes is the one that was chosen as most probable. What is this called?* pdates rades embers nferences Q Online vsela gizzard don see UV Ilght subdermal fat stores y Periods 1 and 2 meriods ol MP1, Highschool school MP3, l MP4 amniotic egg 4 limbs + lungs Least parsimony ys "ed Thu Fri Modern synthesis Temporal equilibrium Maximum parsimony O O O O lungfisharrow_forward
- 4 05 4 3. 2. D.arrow_forwardAnswer the following questions about this phylogenetic tree. What animal represents the out group in this tree and why? What is the derived characteristic of the birds? What is the shared characteristic of 3 to 6? Which number represents the common ancestor of Ostriches and Hawks?arrow_forwardThe phylogenetic tree to the right showsthe evolutionary relationships of taxa A –H. The shapes represent character statetrait changes. A. Which traits (shapes) would individualsin taxa D have? Draw the collection oftraits. B. Is the triangle a synapomorphy orpleisomorphy (circle one)? C. Is the circle a synapomorphy orsympleisomorphy (circle one)?arrow_forward
- What trait separates amphibians from primates on this cladogram? What separates rabbits and primates from crocodiles on this cladogram? Which organism is most related to the bird on this cladogram? What 5 traits do these two organisms share? Which organism will have DNA most similar to the bird? Which organism's DNA will differ the most from the bird?arrow_forwardExamine the image of the relatedness of vertebrates represented in this phylogenetic tree. Which statements are correctly inferred from this tree? Select all that apply. A) The mammals are the outgroup in this tree. B) Birds and dinosaurs share a recent common ancestor. C) Mammals and birds are more closely related than any other species. D) Turtles are equally as diverged from lizards and snakes as they are from crocodiles. E) Lizards and snakes are more recently diverged from each other than they are from crocodiles.arrow_forwardStudy the diagrams below. The diagrams represent four possible phylogenetic trees showing the relationship between the four species: M, L, S, and R. B A M LS R M LR +d \t R SML RM S tota -444 What is the plausible explanation for the appearance of autapomorphic character c in species L and S of tree A although they do not share a most recent common ancestor?arrow_forward
- The phylogenetic tree below depicts the evolutionary relation among a subset of ants. The Taxa shaded in correspond to groups that have evolved jaw-like type of structures. Based on this trait, the subfamilies Formicinae and Mymicinae form what type of phyletic relationship? # Trap-jaws have evolved at least once in each of the highlighted clades. O polyphyletic group. monophyletic group. O paraphyletic group. 80 F3 000 000 F4 $ % F5 5 C C F6 Formicinae Myrmicinae Ectatomminae Heteroponerinae Dolichoderinae Aneuretinae Pseudomyrmecinae Myrmeciinae Aenictinae Dorylinae Ecitoninae Cerapachyinae Leptanilloidinae Ponerinae Agroecomyrmecinae Paraponerinae Amblyoponinae Proceratiinae Leptanillinae & ◄◄ F7 7 3486689 Myrmoteras DII F8 Strumigenys Odontomachus Mystrium DD ( F9 0 B F10arrow_forwardc- What are the differences between Rooted and Unrooted Phylogenetics trees? d- Using Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) construct the phylogenetic tree for the given data G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G10 |10 0 4 4 14 G3 12 8 7 G2 06 16 G4 ㅇ 0 12 G5arrow_forwardDifferentiate analogous structures from homologous types. Identify which is which among the shark, pigeon and cat when you transition from each of the classes. For this, create a 4-column table with the following headings: (1) Structure, (2) Specimen a vs b, (3) Specimen b vs c, and (4) Specimen c vs a. For each cell, write either AS for analogous structures, or HS for homologous types. Note (not all structures encountered need to be here).arrow_forward
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