Concepts of Genetics (12th Edition)
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780134604718
Author: William S. Klug, Michael R. Cummings, Charlotte A. Spencer, Michael A. Palladino, Darrell Killian
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 26, Problem 28ESP
The original source of new alleles, upon which selection operates, is mutation, a random event that occurs without regard to selectional value in the organism. Although many model organisms have been used to study mutational events in populations, some investigators have developed abiotic molecular models. Soil et al. (2006. Genetics 175: 267-275) examined one such model to study the relationship between both deleterious and advantageous mutations and
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Microbiologists have discovered that alleles associated with antibiotic resistance are present in bacteria that live in soil, even in environments that are comparatively free of antibiotic pollution from human activities. Why are such alleles present (albeit at low levels) in bacterial populations? Conversely, if resistance alleles are beneficial, why are they rare in natural populations of bacteria?
1a) In a very large population, if the forward and reverse mutation rates are exactly the same, how would you expect the frequency of an original, non-mutated allele to change in the population over time? Will the population eventually achieve an equilibrium value of the frequency of the non-mutated allele?
b) What if the forward mutation rate is one order of magnitude larger (e. 10X) than the reverse mutation rate? Do you expect the frequency of the original, non-mutated allele to increase, decrease, or stay the same over time?
c) If the population size is considerably smaller, does this change your expectations for changes in the frequency of the original, non-mutated allele over several generations?
When an Avidian (with a genome size of 50 sites) reproduces with a 10% per site mutation rate, and if the number of mutations per genome is Poisson distributed, then what is the most likely outcome?
Possible answers: 4 per genome is most likely, 5 per genome is most likely, 4 mutations per genome and 5 mutations per genome are equally likely, A number other than 4 and/or 5 mutations per genome is most likely
Chapter 26 Solutions
Concepts of Genetics (12th Edition)
Ch. 26 - The ability to taste the compound...Ch. 26 - Determine whether the following two sets of data...Ch. 26 - If the albino phenotype occurs in 1/10,000...Ch. 26 - A prospective groom, who is unaffected, has a...Ch. 26 - In a region of Quebec, Canada, 1 in 22 people are...Ch. 26 - Critics argue that a uniform panel of disorders...Ch. 26 - Others argue that the current testing system...Ch. 26 - HOW DO WE KNOW? Population geneticists study...Ch. 26 - CONCEPT QUESTION Read the Chapter Concepts list on...Ch. 26 - Price et al. [(1999).J. Bacteriol181:2358-2362)...
Ch. 26 - The genetic difference between two Drosophila...Ch. 26 - The use of nucleotide sequence data to measure...Ch. 26 - Prob. 6PDQCh. 26 - What must be assumed in order to validate the...Ch. 26 - In a population where only the total number of...Ch. 26 - If 4 percent of a population in equilibrium...Ch. 26 - Consider a population in which the frequency of...Ch. 26 - If the initial allele frequencies are p = 0.5 and...Ch. 26 - Under what circumstances might a lethal dominant...Ch. 26 - Assume that a recessive autosomal disorder occurs...Ch. 26 - One of the first Mendelian traits identified in...Ch. 26 - Describe how populations with substantial genetic...Ch. 26 - Achondroplasia is a dominant trait that causes a...Ch. 26 - Prob. 17PDQCh. 26 - Prob. 18PDQCh. 26 - A botanist studying water lilies in an isolated...Ch. 26 - A farmer plants transgenic Bt corn that is...Ch. 26 - In an isolated population of 50 desert bighorn...Ch. 26 - To increase genetic diversity in the bighorn sheep...Ch. 26 - What genetic changes take place during speciation?Ch. 26 - Some critics have warned that the use of gene...Ch. 26 - Prob. 25PDQCh. 26 - What are the two groups of reproductive isolating...Ch. 26 - A form of dwarfism known as Ellisvan Creveld...Ch. 26 - The original source of new alleles, upon which...Ch. 26 - A number of comparisons of nucleotide sequences...Ch. 26 - Shown below are two homologous lengths of the...Ch. 26 - Recent reconstructions of evolutionary history are...
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- In a very large population, if the forward and reverse mutation rates are exactly the same, how would you expect the frequency of an original, non-mutated allele to change in the population over time? Will the population eventually achieve an equilibrium value of the frequency of the non-mutated allele?arrow_forwardRecently, scientists have identified a mutation that is found at high frequency in Finnish populations, located in northern Europe where the winter is very cold. This mutation is believed to be a “cold sensitive” allele that warns people of extreme cold temperatures. Could this allele have undergone a “selective sweep”, if it had suddenly appeared in this northern population of humans? How would such a selective sweep be detected with genome data?arrow_forwardn class we investigated the reason cystic fibrosis is maintained in the human population in higher frequency than we expected given the deleterious effects of being homozygous at the CFTR gene. We calculated the actual mutation rate of the CFTR gene to be 6.7 x 10-7. The mutation rate expected under mutation-selection balance was 4 x 10-4. What is the most plausible explanation as to why cystic fibrosis is maintained in the human population at a higher frequency than we expect? a. Negative selection against the CFTR deleterious alleles is too weak to eliminate the alleles from the human population. b. Positive selection for the CFTR deleterious alleles is likely occurring in response to some other selective pressure in the human population, possibly resistance to typhoid fever. c. The CFTR gene has an exceedingly low mutation rate causing humans to have no genetic variation at that gene. d. The CFTR gene has an exceedingly high mutation rate and that is…arrow_forward
- What is one important advantage of using environmental DNA (eDNA), instead of traditional field-based capture techniques, to study species distributions? 1.) For a given population density and sampling effort, eDNA has a higher probability of detecting a species if it is present. 2.) By looking at telomere length on the chromosomes found in an environmental DNA sample, researchers can gather information about the age distribution of organisms in a population. 3.) By looking at epigenetic marks on an environmental DNA sample, researchers can gather information about the health of the organisms in a population. 4.) All of the abovearrow_forwardThe genetics research lab has sequenced a genomic region with 1000000 basepair of an unknown species. Consider that there is a difference between each pair of these sequences of about 200 basepairs. There is a mutation rate of 1x10^-6 and the generation time is 10 yrs. What is the effective population size of the species? Find the coalescent time.arrow_forwardThis is a graph of the expected frequency of a deleterious allele, with a constant mutation rate, within a population at different levels of selection against it. 0.000012 0.00001 0.000008 0.000006 0.000004 0.000002 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 H = 10 i) What is the overall trend shown? ii) What is the mutation-selection balance? iii) The formula for the equilibrium frequency of a deleterious allele within a population is p^=u/s where u is the mutation rate and s is the selection coefficient. Using the relationships illustrated by this formula, determine the following for a population with two deleterious alleles A and B: a) If A has a high mutation rate and low selection coefficient, and B has a low mutation rate and a medium selection coefficient, which would deleterious allele would be expected to be seen in higher frequency? b) If both A and B have a similar selection coefficient, but B is seen at a higher frequency than A, which allele likely has the highest mutation rate? c) If both A and B…arrow_forward
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