Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry (8th Edition)
8th Edition
ISBN: 9780134015187
Author: John E. McMurry, David S. Ballantine, Carl A. Hoeger, Virginia E. Peterson
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 25, Problem 25.52CP
Interpretation Introduction
Interpretation:
Statement “the total energy cost is four ATP in urea cycle” has to be explained.
Concept introduction:
The cyclic biological pathway that produces urea for excretion is called urea cycle.
- Step 1: It include carbamoyl phosphate transfers its
- Step 2: Citrulline combines with aspartate to give argininosuccinate synthase
- Step 3: Argininosuccinate is split into arginine and fumarate. The enzyme is argininosuccinase.
- Step 4: The carbon-nitrogen bond of the arginine is hydrolyzed in a reaction catalyzed by arginase to give the cycle product, urea, plus ornithine, ready to repeat step 1
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Students have asked these similar questions
The urea cycle can be summarized through the following reaction:
O
||
H₂N-C-OPO3=
COO-
|
H3N-CHCH₂COO-
O
||
H₂N-C-NH2 + -OOCCH = CHCOO-
1. Write the reactions, using structural formulas that lead to the formation of carbamoyl phosphate and
its subsequent incorporation into the urea cycle. Name the enzymes and how they are activated.
The urea cycle can be summarized through the following reaction:
O
||
H2N-C-OPO3
+
COO-
|
H3N-CHCH₂COO
b.
O
||
H2N-C-NH2
1a Write the reactions, using structural formulas that lead to the formation of carbamoyl phosphate and
its subsequent incorporation into the urea cycle. Name the enzymes and how they are activated.
1
+ OOCCH=CHCOO-
Write the rest of the reactions that constitute the urea cycle using structural formulas. Name the
enzymes that catalyze each reaction. Indicate which reactions occur in the mitochondrion and which
occur in the cytoplasm.
Write an equation for the net reaction of the urea cycle.Show how the urea cycle is linked to the citric acid cycle.
Chapter 25 Solutions
Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry (8th Edition)
Ch. 25.2 - Prob. 25.1PCh. 25.2 - Prob. 25.2KCPCh. 25.3 - Prob. 25.3PCh. 25.3 - Prob. 25.4PCh. 25.3 - Prob. 25.5PCh. 25.3 - Prob. 25.6PCh. 25.4 - Prob. 25.1CIAPCh. 25.4 - Prob. 25.2CIAPCh. 25.4 - Prob. 25.3CIAPCh. 25.4 - Prob. 25.7P
Ch. 25.4 - Prob. 25.8KCPCh. 25.6 - Prob. 25.9PCh. 25.6 - Prob. 25.10KCPCh. 25.6 - What is meant by a conditional amino acid?Ch. 25.6 - Prob. 25.5CIAPCh. 25.6 - Prob. 25.6CIAPCh. 25 - In the diagram shown here, fill in the sources for...Ch. 25 - Prob. 25.12UKCCh. 25 - Prob. 25.13UKCCh. 25 - Prob. 25.14UKCCh. 25 - Prob. 25.15UKCCh. 25 - Prob. 25.16UKCCh. 25 - Prob. 25.17APCh. 25 - Prob. 25.18APCh. 25 - Prob. 25.19APCh. 25 - Prob. 25.20APCh. 25 - Prob. 25.21APCh. 25 - Prob. 25.22APCh. 25 - What is the structure of the -keto acid formed...Ch. 25 - Prob. 25.24APCh. 25 - In general, how does oxidative deamination differ...Ch. 25 - Prob. 25.26APCh. 25 - Prob. 25.27APCh. 25 - Prob. 25.28APCh. 25 - Prob. 25.29APCh. 25 - Prob. 25.30APCh. 25 - Prob. 25.31APCh. 25 - Prob. 25.32APCh. 25 - Prob. 25.33APCh. 25 - Prob. 25.34APCh. 25 - How do essential and nonessential amino acids...Ch. 25 - Prob. 25.36APCh. 25 - Prob. 25.37APCh. 25 - How is tyrosine biosynthesized in the body? What...Ch. 25 - Prob. 25.39APCh. 25 - Prob. 25.40APCh. 25 - Prob. 25.41APCh. 25 - What energy source is used in the formation of...Ch. 25 - Write the equation for the transamination reaction...Ch. 25 - Prob. 25.44CPCh. 25 - Prob. 25.45CPCh. 25 - Prob. 25.46CPCh. 25 - Prob. 25.47CPCh. 25 - Prob. 25.48CPCh. 25 - Prob. 25.49CPCh. 25 - Prob. 25.50CPCh. 25 - Prob. 25.51CPCh. 25 - Prob. 25.52CPCh. 25 - Why might it be a bad idea to take large...Ch. 25 - Prob. 25.54GPCh. 25 - Prob. 25.55GPCh. 25 - Prob. 25.56GP
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- Production of the enzymes that catalyze the reactions of the urea cycle can increase or decrease according to the metabolic needs of the organism. High levels of these enzymes are associated with high-protein diets as well as starvation. Explain this apparent paradox.arrow_forwardThe urea cycle requires all of the following components except one of them: aspartate, carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I, ATP, citrulline/ornithine transporter and isocitrate. Identify the component. Explain the sequence of urea cycle using the required components and enzymes essential for each step of the cycle.arrow_forward(a) How many ATP equivalents are consumed by the reactions of the urea cycle? (b) Operation of the urea cycle actually generates more ATP than it consumes. Explain.arrow_forward
- Including the carbamoyl phosphate synthetase step (CPS I) and the four steps of the urea cycle, how many ATP equivalents (phosphoanhydride bonds) are utilized to drive the formation of one urea molecule?arrow_forwardCitrullene is a special amino acid that is used in the urea cycle and as a precursor for synthesis of the aminoacid Arg in the body. In which category would you place citrullene? Explain.arrow_forwardExplain why the symptoms of a partial defi ciency in a urea cycle enzyme can be attenuated by a low-protein diet.arrow_forward
- Which enzyme(s) in the urea cycle mediate(s) (an) irreversible reaction(s) (select all that apply)? O arginosuccinate synthetase arginosuccinase carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I arginase O ornithine transcarbamoylasearrow_forward4. The urea cycle was the first metabolic cycle to be discovered, predating the description of the citric acid cycle by 5 years. Hans Krebs along with Kurt Henseleit used their Warburg manometer (pictured) to monitor the use of carbon dioxide and ammonia in the synthesis of urea. In the presence of a slice of liver, urea could be produced, but the reaction require ornithine and citrulline. Since citrulline is not consumed during the course of the enzymatic cycle, but is rather regenerated, Krebs described citrulline as a "catalyst" of the process. H2N ÑH2arrow_forwardThe uncatalyzed reaction rate for the conversion of substrate X to product Y is one year. The enzyme-catalyzedrate is one millisecond. Describe the features of theenzyme that are probably responsible for this ratedifference.arrow_forward
- How is the urea cycle linked to the citric acid cycle? Write the net equation of the urea cycle and indicate whether energy is produced or consumed by the cycle. What type of damage occurs if there is a defect in the urea cycle?arrow_forwardWhat are the energy consuming steps of the urea cycle and what is the energetic cost of the urea cycle in terms of ATP equivalents? How is this cost partially offset and what is the total net cost of the urea cycle?arrow_forwardCarbamoyl-phosphate synthase I is a mitochondrial enzyme which plays an important role in the urea cycle. It represents the committed step in the urea cycle. (i) Explain the reaction of carbamoyl-phosphate synthase I. (ii) Explain the regulation of urea cycle by N-acetylglutamate.arrow_forward
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