Chapter 22, Problem 49A

a.

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The type of organic reaction that converts alkene to alkane needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Structural isomers have same number of atoms of element in the compounds but the position of groups is different. An alkyl halide has general formula R-X where X is a halogen atom.

Explanation of Solution

Addition with hydrogen gas and platinum results in the reduction of double bond and formation of alkane from alkene takes place.

The general reaction is represented as follows:

Thus, it is an addition reaction.

b.

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The type of organic reaction that converts alkyl halide to alcohol needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The organic compounds generally contain carbon atoms. The naming of organic compounds is done by considering three main terms which are prefix, suffix and the root name. The longest chain in the compound is first identified and named that will be the root name for the compound. For example, if there are 3 carbon atoms in the longest chain, the root name will be “prop”. To determine the suffix, functional group should be identified. In the last step, side groups are identified and named. Prefix is used to give number of side groups and substituent’s present on the main carbon chain.

Explanation of Solution

An alkyl halide can be converted to alcohol after addition of water or hydroxide. This is a nucleophillic substitution reaction.

The general reaction is represented as follows:

This is an addition reaction. It can also known as hydrolysis reaction as water is added to the alkyl halide. Also, there is substitution of −OH group takes place at the place of Cl thus, it is a type of substitution reaction as well.

c.

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The type of organic reaction that converts alkyl halide to alkene needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The organic compounds generally contain carbon atoms. The naming of organic compounds is done by considering three main terms which are prefix, suffix and the root name. The longest chain in the compound is first identified and named that will be the root name for the compound. For example, if there are 3 carbon atoms in the longest chain, the root name will be “prop”. To determine the suffix, functional group should be identified. In the last step, side groups are identified and named. Prefix is used to give number of side groups and substituent’s present on the main carbon chain.

Explanation of Solution

Alkyl halide form alkene after treatment with strong base. The reaction is 1, 2-eliminatio reaction. The bases generally used are NaOH or KOH.

The general reaction is represented as follows:

The above reaction is an elimination reaction.

d.

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The type of organic reaction that converts alcohol to alkyl halide needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The organic compounds generally contain carbon atoms. The naming of organic compounds is done by considering three main terms which are prefix, suffix and the root name. The longest chain in the compound is first identified and named that will be the root name for the compound. For example, if there are 3 carbon atoms in the longest chain, the root name will be “prop”. To determine the suffix, functional group should be identified. In the last step, side groups are identified and named. Prefix is used to give number of side groups and substituent’s present on the main carbon chain.

Explanation of Solution

An alcohol can be converted to alkyl halide after reaction with H-X where X is a halide group.

The general reaction is represented as follows:

The above reaction is a substitution reaction.

e.

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The type of organic reaction that converts alkyl halide to alkene needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The organic compounds generally contain carbon atoms. The naming of organic compounds is done by considering three main terms which are prefix, suffix and the root name. The longest chain in the compound is first identified and named that will be the root name for the compound. For example, if there are 3 carbon atoms in the longest chain, the root name will be “prop”. To determine the suffix, functional group should be identified. In the last step, side groups are identified and named. Prefix is used to give number of side groups and substituent’s present on the main carbon chain.

Explanation of Solution

Alkyl halide form alkene after treatment with strong base. The reaction is 1, 2-eliminatio reaction. The bases generally used are NaOH or KOH.

The general reaction is represented as follows:

This is an elimination reaction.

f.

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The type of organic reaction that converts alkene to alcohol needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The organic compounds generally contain carbon atoms. The naming of organic compounds is done by considering three main terms which are prefix, suffix and the root name. The longest chain in the compound is first identified and named that will be the root name for the compound. For example, if there are 3 carbon atoms in the longest chain, the root name will be “prop”. To determine the suffix, functional group should be identified. In the last step, side groups are identified and named. Prefix is used to give number of side groups and substituent’s present on the main carbon chain.

Explanation of Solution

The conversion of alkene to alcohol takes place after reaction with steam at definite temperature and pressure in the presence of phosphoric acid catalyst.

The general reaction is represented as follows:

This is an acid catalyzed hydration reaction.