Concepts of Genetics (12th Edition)
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780134604718
Author: William S. Klug, Michael R. Cummings, Charlotte A. Spencer, Michael A. Palladino, Darrell Killian
Publisher: PEARSON
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Videos
Textbook Question
Chapter 22, Problem 26ESP
Craig Venter and others have constructed synthetic copies of viral genomes. For example, the genome for poliovirus and the 1918 influenza strain responsible for the pandemic flu have been assembled this way. The United States currently has a moratorium on federal funding for “gain-of-function” experiments which increase the virulence or transmission potential of viruses. What concerns might ethicists have about synthetic biology studies involving potential pandemic pathogens?
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Students have asked these similar questions
When Wimmer and coworkers announced that they had synthesized the poliovirus, they created considerable controversy. Some people feared that deadly and highly contagious viruses might be synthesized by bioterrorists. The researchers responded that they were merely applying current knowledge and techniques to demonstrate the principle that viruses are basically chemical entities that can be synthesized in the laboratory. Do you think scientists should synthesize viruses or other agents that can cause infectious disease? What are the implications of forbidding such research?
The complete coronavirus genome sequence from the first known patient infected with SARS-CoV-2 was published on January 10th 2020, just a short time after the patient had been hospitalized in China with respiratory symptoms. They did this so quickly using nanopore sequencing. Scientists compared the genome sequence from the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) with the genome sequences from several other coronaviruses and they did identify a sequence unique to the SARS-CoV-2 strain. This unique sequence was in the N gene of the viral genome.
What protein is made from the N gene of the virus?
The success of HAART (highly active antiretrovial therapy) against HIV is based on the idea that the probability of having an HIV virion that can simultaneously resist multiple anti-HIV drugs is very low. You were asked to investigate whether the same principle can be applied to another RNA virus, called Virus X. This is what you know about Virus X. (1) For a given antiviral drug, approximately 1 in 1,000 virions may carry a mutation that confers resistance against the said drug. (2) Roughly a total of 1010 virions can be found in an individual infected with Virus X. Assuming that all the drugs work independently of each other (i.e., mutations that allow resistance to one drug have no effect on the resistance to the other drugs), then minimally how many drugs are needed for this treatment regimen to work?
Question 4 options:
1)
7
2)
6
3)
5
4)
4
5)
3
Chapter 22 Solutions
Concepts of Genetics (12th Edition)
Ch. 22 - In order to vaccinate people against diseases by...Ch. 22 - Prob. 2NSTCh. 22 - Prob. 1CSCh. 22 - Prob. 2CSCh. 22 - Prob. 3CSCh. 22 - HOW DO WE KNOW? In this chapter, we focused on a...Ch. 22 - Prob. 2PDQCh. 22 - Why are most recombinant human proteins produced...Ch. 22 - One of the major causes of sickness, death, and...Ch. 22 - Sequencing the human genome, the development of...
Ch. 22 - Prob. 6PDQCh. 22 - As genetic testing becomes widespread, medical...Ch. 22 - Prob. 8PDQCh. 22 - Prob. 9PDQCh. 22 - Does genetic analysis by ASO testing allow for...Ch. 22 - Maternal blood tests for three pregnant women...Ch. 22 - What is the main purpose of genome-wide...Ch. 22 - Describe how the team from the J. Craig Venter...Ch. 22 - Prob. 14PDQCh. 22 - Prob. 15PDQCh. 22 - Dominant mutations can be categorized according to...Ch. 22 - In 2013 the actress Angelina Jolie elected to have...Ch. 22 - Prob. 18PDQCh. 22 - Should the FDA regulate direct-to-consumer genetic...Ch. 22 - Prob. 20ESPCh. 22 - Following the tragic shooting of 20 children at a...Ch. 22 - Private companies are offering personal DNA...Ch. 22 - Prob. 23ESPCh. 22 - Prob. 24ESPCh. 22 - Prob. 25ESPCh. 22 - Craig Venter and others have constructed synthetic...
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Some retroviruses that have a wide host range have been developed for use in treatment of diseases or syndromes. These viruses do not result in a productive infection because they lack critical genes for viral replication, but they do carry DNA sequences that allow them to be packaged into infectious particles. Once in the host cell the viral DNA is released and integrates into the cell's genome. The advantage to this strategy is that the delivery of the DNA is very efficient. What is one possible problem of using a virus that can integrate into the human nuclear genome? Multiple Choice The virus carries genes that will interfere with host cell activities. The viral DNA sequences could still cause a disease. Since the viral DNA sequences no longer contain essential genes for viral replication the host cell may not be able to replicate either. The integration could disrupt an essential gene or genes.arrow_forwardWhat does the acronym CRISPR stand for? Briefly outline the components of the CRISPR/Cas system. What is the function of the CRISPR/Cas system?What do you think about the ethical impacts of a technology such as CRISPR? What is the main parameter that is used to define new virus families among archaeal viruses? List and outline that various stages through which bacteria and archaea fight back against infection with viruses.arrow_forward15) Why are viruses an ideal candidate for gene delivery in gene therapy? a) What are TWO limitations of viruses as gene delivery vectors in gene therapy?arrow_forward
- Do you see any potential problems with inserting pieces of a retroviral genome into humans? If so, are there ways to combat or prevent these problems? (You may want to look up the definition of a retrovirus.) Explain your answer.arrow_forwardFor the mutations described below, categorize them in each of the following ways: [transition, transversion, insertion, or deletion]; [synonymous, missense, nonsense, frameshift, or regulatory]; [beneficial, deleterious, or neutral] A mutation in the SARS-CoV2 virus changes a codon in the gene encoding the spike protein from AAG to AAC. This mutation increases the ability of the virus to spread from person to person. Becker muscular dystrophy results in progressive wasting of skeletal and heart muscle tissue. A patient is found to have a mutation in the dystrophin gene (DMD) in the first nucleotide of intron 25. Normally, a G is in this position, but the patient has an A. Fur color in house cats is affected by several genes that encode pigment-producing enzymes. One such gene is found to have an additional C after position 45 in orange cats but not in black cats.arrow_forwardThe Pfizer Covid-19 vaccine is one of the vaccines currently being rolled out for mass vaccination in South Africa to protect the population against SARS CoV-2, and the active compound in this vaccine is an mRNA molecule. a) The starting material for productio of this vaccine is a copy of the coronavirus spike protein gene cloned into a ppasmid. List the main experimental steps in the vaccine production process, to go from a plamid to an mRNA molecule. b) Which molecular processes in the cell will allow an injected strand of mRNA to produce anti-Covid immunity in the vaccine recipient?arrow_forward
- Please help me answer all parts of this question: (A)What strategy/type of vaccine would you pursue with the hopes of developing a vaccine to a new pandemic Coronavirus, attenuated virus vaccine or an inactivated virus vaccine? Compare how the two are produced, the limitations or advantages, and justify why you have picked one over the other. (B) Now, compare the above vaccines to mRNA vaccines. How are mRNA vaccines delivered? Are they better than the vaccines from part (A)?arrow_forwardEpidemiologists at the CDC in Atlanta, GA, have called you in to investigate an increased incidence of leukemia in a remote region of Africa. Shortly after you arrive, an RNA virus was isolated from patients and found to induce leukemia in mice. At this point, you don't know the viral gene product or the mechanism that causes development of leukemia. One of your lab assistants has isolated a variant of the virus that is missing 20% of the genome of the original virus and does not induce leukemia in mice. a) How would you determine which portion of the genome is associated with the development of leukemia? b) How would you determine the viral product or mechanism associated with the development of leukemia?arrow_forwardIn the extraordinary times in which we live, biotechnology is playing a vital role in helping to identify and contain coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, outbreaks around the world. There are three tools that are fundamental to many areas of biological research: DNA isolation, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gel electrophoresis. Write an essay that outlines the key steps in testing for active SARS-CoV-2 (the coronavirus responsible for causing Covid-19) in a patient. Begin with a brief description of how the sample is collected and follow with a description of each of the biotechnology procedures that are used to determine if the patient’s sample contains SARS-CoV-2.arrow_forward
- The new Covid19 vaccine produced by two companies (Pfizer, Moderna) uses mRNA coding for part of the spike protein of the virus. The virus uses the spike protein to invade human cells where it replicates. Is it surprising that the mRNA must be stabilized with chemicals that need ultra-cold or frozen storage to protect the mRNA from degradation before it causes human muscle cells to make the spike protein? Some Covid 19 vaccines in development use the adenovirus, a common vector used in gene therapies, to inject the mRNa for the spike protein into human muscle cells. Why might vaccines using a virus vector be more likely to need only refrigeration and not deep-cold storage, given what you know about viruses? Some older vaccines used a weakened strain of the pathogenic virus in the injection in the hope that the weakened virus would induce an immune response without causing disease. The virus vectors used in genetic engineering have all the harmful virus genes cut out and replaced with…arrow_forwardDue to the lack of any antiviral for a newly emergent virus, blood harvested from individuals who were infected by the virus and subsequently fully recovered without hospitalization is in a clinical trial to treat individuals who are very sick by the virus. The donors have been carefully screened to eliminate their possibility as carriers (in their blood) of any virus. Which of the followings is the best strategy for this clinical trial: generating sera from the donors' blood and injected them i.v. to the recipients whose blood types are matched to those of the donors matching blood type of the donors and recipients before blood transfusion generating sera from the donors' blood and injected them intravenously (i.v.) to the recipients without worrying about the matching of their blood types there are more than 1 correct answers in the other choicesarrow_forwardFor the mutations described below, categorize them in each of the following ways: [transition, transversion, insertion, or deletion]; [synonymous, missense, nonsense, frameshift, or regulatory]; [beneficial, deleterious, or neutral] a. A mutation in the SARS-CoV2 virus changes a codon in the gene encoding the spike protein from AAG to AAC. This mutation increases the ability of the virus to spread from person to person. b. Becker muscular dystrophy results in progressive wasting of skeletal and heart muscle tissue. A patient is found to have a mutation in the dystrophin gene (DMD) in the first nucleotide of intron 25. Normally, a G is in this position, but the patient has an A. c. Fur color in house cats is affected by several genes that encode pigment-producing enzymes. One such gene is found to have an additional C after position 45 in orange cats but not in black cats.arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)BiologyISBN:9780134580999Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. HoehnPublisher:PEARSON
Biology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStax
Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781259398629Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa StouterPublisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)BiologyISBN:9780815344322Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter WalterPublisher:W. W. Norton & Company
Laboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781260159363Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, CynthiaPublisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.
Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)BiologyISBN:9781260231700Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael WindelspechtPublisher:McGraw Hill Education
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:PEARSON
Biology 2e
Biology
ISBN:9781947172517
Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark
Publisher:OpenStax
Anatomy & Physiology
Biology
ISBN:9781259398629
Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa Stouter
Publisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9780815344322
Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter
Publisher:W. W. Norton & Company
Laboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & Physiology
Biology
ISBN:9781260159363
Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, Cynthia
Publisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.
Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9781260231700
Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael Windelspecht
Publisher:McGraw Hill Education
What Is A Virus ? ; Author: Peekaboo Kidz;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YS7vsBgWszI;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY