Concepts of Genetics (12th Edition)
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780134604718
Author: William S. Klug, Michael R. Cummings, Charlotte A. Spencer, Michael A. Palladino, Darrell Killian
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 21, Problem 2PDQ
CONCEPT QUESTION Review the Chapter Concepts list on page 485. All of these pertain to how genomics, bioinformatics, and proteomics approaches have changed how scientists study genes and proteins. Write a short essay that explains how recombinant DNA techniques were used to identify and study genes compared to how modem genomic techniques have revolutionized the cloning and analysis of genes.
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Transcriptome analysis involves two separate methodologies: gene expression and RNA seq analyses. The 10 items below are a scrambled listing of the steps used in the two procedures. Identify the steps involved in RNA seq from the list below. Use the numbers in the list to refer to each step. Once the steps for RNA seq have been identified, write the steps in the order in which they are performed during the experiment.
(1) DNA sequencing
(2) Allow for hybridization and wash excess cRNA.
(3) Mix labeled cRNA with array chip.
(4) PCR amplification
(5) Measure fluorescence intensity to determine abundance of transcripts.
(6) Add labeled cRNA at each microarray location.
(7) Map cDNA sequences to the genome of the organism to determine identity and abundance of transcripts.
(8) mRNA isolation from cells
(9) Prepare fluorescently labeled cRNA probes
(10) cDNA synthesis
explain the ethical concerns for this biotechnology method (sanger sequencing)
From your knowledge about DNA microarray, answer the following:
A- How DNA microarray is created? and why it is referred to as “hybridization technology”?
B- Why RT-PCR is important in the sample preparation to perform expression microarray experiment?
C- Mention the name and the color of the dyes used in expression microarray?
D- If the expression microarray experiment was done with a normal sample and a suspected sample, after reading the color pattern resulted from the experiment it was recorded that “gene A22” is expressed in the suspected sample. The gene A22 is clinically linked to colon cancer. Answer the following: What is the expected color of the spot on the microarray which represents this gene? What is your interpretation of the suspected sample; is it a cancer sample or not and explain why?
Chapter 21 Solutions
Concepts of Genetics (12th Edition)
Ch. 21 - In a sequence encompassing 99.4 percent of the...Ch. 21 - Annotation of a proteome attempts to relate each...Ch. 21 - Because of its accessibility and biological...Ch. 21 - If you had Crohns disease or ulcerative colitis...Ch. 21 - Prob. 2CSCh. 21 - Prob. 3CSCh. 21 - HOW DO WE KNOW? In this chapter, we focused on the...Ch. 21 - CONCEPT QUESTION Review the Chapter Concepts list...Ch. 21 - What is functional genomics? How does it differ...Ch. 21 - Compare and contrast WGS to a map-based cloning...
Ch. 21 - What is bioinformatics, and why is this discipline...Ch. 21 - Annotation involves identifying genes and...Ch. 21 - Prob. 7PDQCh. 21 - BLAST searches and related applications are...Ch. 21 - What functional information about a genome can be...Ch. 21 - Describe three major goals of the Human Genome...Ch. 21 - Describe the human genome in terms of genome size,...Ch. 21 - The Human Genome Project has demonstrated that in...Ch. 21 - Through the Human Genome Project (HGP), a...Ch. 21 - Explain differences between whole-genome...Ch. 21 - Describe the significance of the Genome 10K...Ch. 21 - Prob. 16PDQCh. 21 - Prob. 17PDQCh. 21 - What are DNA microarrays? How are they used?Ch. 21 - Prob. 19PDQCh. 21 - Prob. 20PDQCh. 21 - Researchers have compared candidate loci in humans...Ch. 21 - Homology can be defined as the presence of common...Ch. 21 - Prob. 23ESPCh. 21 - Prob. 24ESPCh. 21 - Whole-exome sequencing (WES) is helping physicians...Ch. 21 - Recall that when the HGP was completed, more than...
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- An unapproved form of gene therapy, known as enhancement gene therapy, can create considerable ethical dilemmas. Why?arrow_forwardDiscuss three important advances that have resulted from gene cloning.arrow_forwardLiving modified organism (LMO) is defined as any living organism that possesses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology. Two LMOs that have obtained approval from FDA to be commercialized are the Hawaiian 'Rainbow' papayas and the AquAdvantage salmons. Discuss the advantages of Hawaiian 'Rainbow' papayas and the AquAdvantage salmons over their respective wild type.arrow_forward
- What advantages do cDNA libraries provide over genomic DNA libraries? Describe cloning applications where the use of a genomic library is necessary to provide information that a cDNA library cannot.arrow_forwardMicroarray hybridization is used mostly in transcript profiling or assaying DNA variation. Although the technology for establishing DNA microarrays was developed only recently, numerous applications have already been developed and their impact on future biomedical research and diagnostic approaches is expected to be profound. Give some examples of the practical use of this technique.arrow_forwardTOPIC: PCR and Gene Cloning Basics Question: What are 2 possible roles of CaCl2 in the transformation process?arrow_forward
- Discuss the advantages of next-generation sequencing technologies.arrow_forwardWhat are some possible research questions and practical applications that could be addressed by creating organisms with artificial chromosomes and synthetic genomes? What might be some potential safety, environmental, social, and ethical concerns about creating organisms with synthetic genomes?arrow_forwardPlease answer fast We have lots of options when it comes to trying to purposefully make mutations while doing research. Please brieflyname/describe a method you could use to make: a) random mutations anywhere within the genome in living cells (in vivo) b) random mutations within our cloned gene of interest in vitro c) a very specific (non-random) mutation within our cloned gene of interest in vitro d) NOW for the answer you gave in part C, please elaborate in detail how this method of mutagenesis is performed.arrow_forward
- Site directed mutagenesis is used to: 1.determine the critical base per sequences in a Genome 2. Create genomic libraries 3. Determine the critical amino acids in a protein that allowed to function 4. Amplify dna 5. sequence dnaarrow_forwardYou are fresh recruits to a molecular biology laboratory, and your new boss has tasked you tostudy mutations in NRAS, a gene that she suspects is involved in cancer pathogenesis. Task A: Polymerase Chain Reaction Master Mix Your first task is to isolate and amplify the NRAS gene from cDNA extracted from differentsamples through PCR. You will need to run a total of 7 PCRs: 3 normal samples, 3 canceroussamples, and 1 negative control. To make things easier in the lab, when running multiplereactions, the components are prepared not individually, but as a master mix—all thecomponents for multiple reactions are prepared in bulk, except for the template DNA, which isadded separately once the master mix has been distributed into individual tubes. The table below lists the different components for PCR, the available stock concentrations of thesecomponents, and the needed working concentrations for the PCR itself. Complete the table bysupplying the needed volumes of each component for a single…arrow_forwardTHE PROBLEM: You are a scientist in the research and development laboratory of a biotechnology company.You and your colleagues (you may work with up to two additional students on this worksheet) have been tasked with the following biotechnology problem: Clone a human gene and mass produce the gene product in a bacterial host (Escherichia coli). Using your textbook as a resource, complete the following steps to assist you in completing this gene cloning project. 1. You have identified the specific gene that produces the protein product that you wish to mass produce. What is the first step you need to do in order to obtain a version of this human gene that be cloned into a bacterial cell? What special enzyme, obtained from a particular kind of virus, will you need to complete this first step? (Hint: Are there differences in genes between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?) 2. Now that you have your gene available in the correct form, diagram the steps necessary to place the gene’s DNA…arrow_forward
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What is cancer? What causes cancer and how is it treated? *UPDATE*; Author: Cancer Treatment Centers of America - CTCA;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_N1Sk3aiSCE;License: Standard Youtube License