What scientific development was a crucial initial step to enhancing our knowledge of virus structure? A.) Development of new microscopy stains. B.) Invention of the electron microscope. C.) Development of DNA sequencing techniques.  D.) Discovery of antibiotics. E.) Publication of Koch's postulates.

Double-stranded RNA viruses, use the following polymerase for genome synthesis:   A)  viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.   B)  host cell DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.   C)  viral DNA-dependent DNA polymerase.   D)  host cell RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

1. Which of the following bacterial species is not naturally competent? A) Bacillus subtilis В) Наеторhilus influenzae C) Escherichia coli D) Streptococcus рпеuтoniae 2. Bacterial species which are not naturally competent can be made competent in the laboratory by using a combination of metal ions and temperature changes. A) true B) false 3. If 10 ng of plasmid DNA yielded 10,000 transformants per milliliter (mL), the transformation efficiency is: A) 105 В) 105 C) 107 D) 105 4. Under optimal conditions, all the bacterial cells in a sample can be transformed. A) true B) false 5. The plasmid called pGal, carries a gene encoding the enzyme beta-galactosidase. What is the natural function of this enzyme? A) It protects cells from a specific type of antibiotic. B) It hydrolyzes the disaccharide lactose. C) It is involved in plasmid replication. D) It is necessary for transformation. 6. The pGal plasmid also carries a gene designated as amp". What is the function of this gene? A) It protects…

In December 2019, a family in Asia detected signs and symptoms of pneumonia. Laboratory diagnosis detected a virus belonging to the Group of Betacoronaviruses. Within a week, several people within the community began experiencing similar symptoms. It gradually spread to the entire city. In the field of Microbiology, this city may be experiencing a/an ………………………………….……. If this infection spreads globally, it may be deemed a ……………………………………….... If the infection is contracted by an individual who travelled to West Africa, the infection will be known to have been ……………………………………………. And this person will be a/an …………………………………………….. If this person visibly presents with visible signs of the infection, He will be known to be ……………………………………………………… Other individuals who incubate the pathogen but do not show any signs and symptoms of the disease are known as …………………………………………………………………………..