Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap Course List)
9th Edition
ISBN: 9781285866932
Author: Lauralee Sherwood
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 2, Problem 2TAHL
Summary Introduction
To write:
The consequences of cyanide poisoning.
Introduction:
Oxidative phosphorylation refers to the process by which ATP is synthesized with electron-released energy during its transfer to O2. It involves two protein groups in the inner mitochondrial membrane: electron transfer system and ATP synthase. The electron transport system comprises of electron carrier systems in four large stationary protein complexes numbered I, II, III, IV and two small, extremely mobile, cytochrome c and ubiquinone.
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Consider the following diagram when answering the questions about cellular
respiration.
(a) Label the diagram.
(b) Considering the electron transport chain. Why type of cell transport is
happening at the ETC? Explain.
(c) What type of cell transport is happening at ATP synthase? Explain.
B
D
Although the outer mitochondrial membrane is permeable to all small molecules, the inner mitochondrial membrane is essentially impermeable in the absence of specific transport proteins. Consider this information answer: The ATP generated by oxidative respiration is used throughout the cell. The majority of ATP production occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. How do you think ATP is made accessible to enzymes in the cytosol and other organelles?
Cyanide inhibits cytochrome c oxidase, a component of the electron transport chain. If cyanide poisoning occurs, would you expect the pH of the intermembrane space to increase or decrease? What effect would cyanide have on ATP synthesis?
Chapter 2 Solutions
Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 2.1 - State the principles of the cell theory.Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 2CYUCh. 2.2 - State the functions of DNA and the different types...Ch. 2.2 - Prob. 2CYUCh. 2.2 - Prob. 3CYUCh. 2.3 - Prob. 1CYUCh. 2.3 - Discuss the structure and function of a ribosome.Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 3CYUCh. 2.3 - Prob. 4CYUCh. 2.4 - Describe the structure and functions of a Golgi...
Ch. 2.4 - Prob. 2CYUCh. 2.4 - Prob. 3CYUCh. 2.5 - Prob. 1CYUCh. 2.5 - Prob. 2CYUCh. 2.5 - Prob. 3CYUCh. 2.6 - Prob. 1CYUCh. 2.6 - Prob. 2CYUCh. 2.7 - Prob. 1CYUCh. 2.7 - Prob. 2CYUCh. 2.7 - Prob. 3CYUCh. 2.7 - Prob. 4CYUCh. 2.8 - Prob. 1CYUCh. 2.8 - Prob. 2CYUCh. 2.9 - Prob. 1CYUCh. 2.9 - Prob. 2CYUCh. 2.10 - List the three types of cytoskeletal elements and...Ch. 2.10 - Explain how motor proteins transport proteins...Ch. 2.10 - Prob. 3CYUCh. 2.10 - Prob. 4CYUCh. 2 - Prob. 1RECh. 2 - Prob. 2RECh. 2 - Prob. 3RECh. 2 - Prob. 4RECh. 2 - Prob. 5RECh. 2 - Prob. 6RECh. 2 - Prob. 7RECh. 2 - Prob. 8RECh. 2 - Prob. 9RECh. 2 - Using the answer code on the right, indicate which...Ch. 2 - Prob. 11RECh. 2 - Prob. 1UCCh. 2 - Prob. 2UCCh. 2 - Prob. 3UCCh. 2 - Compare exocytosis and endocytosis. Define...Ch. 2 - Prob. 5UCCh. 2 - Compare lysosomes with peroxisomes.Ch. 2 - Distinguish among cellular respiration, oxidative...Ch. 2 - Prob. 8UCCh. 2 - Prob. 9UCCh. 2 - Cells expend energy on what three categories of...Ch. 2 - Prob. 11UCCh. 2 - Prob. 1SQECh. 2 - Prob. 2SQECh. 2 - Prob. 3SQECh. 2 - Calculate the number of cells in the body of an...Ch. 2 - Prob. 5SQECh. 2 - Applying Clinical Reasoning Kevin S. and his wife...Ch. 2 - The stomach has two types of exocrine secretory...Ch. 2 - Prob. 2TAHLCh. 2 - Prob. 3TAHLCh. 2 - Why do you think a person is able to perform...Ch. 2 - Prob. 5TAHL
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- explain the relationship between the following structures (cell cytoplasm, mitochondria, krebs-cycle, electron transport chain).arrow_forwardWhat are two methods that cells can use to allow glycolysis to continue to produce ATP. in anaerobic conditions? Describe these two methods including the products and reactants.arrow_forwardAlthough the outer mitochondrial membrane is permeable to all small molecules, the inner mitochondrial membrane is essentially impermeable in the absence of specific transport proteins. Consider this information answer: If the inner mitochondrial membrane were rendered as permeable as the outer membrane, how would that affect oxidative phosphorylation? Which specific processes would stop and which remain?arrow_forward
- Select the correct answer : Which of the following statements best describes the chemiosmotic theory of ATP synthesis by the electron transport system? A) As the protons pass through the system, electrons are moved from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space and ATP is formed as the electrons move back to the matrix through only one phosphorylation site. B) As the electrons pass through the system, ATP is synthesized at three different phosphorylation sites. C) As the electrons pass through the system, protons are moved from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space and ATP is formed as the protons ;move back to the matrix through the three different phosphorylation sites. D) As the electrons pass through the system protons are moved from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space and ATP is formed as the protons move back to the matrix through only one phosphorylation site.arrow_forwardCyanide acts by blocking the flow of electrons in the electron transport system. What happens to ATP production and oxygen consumption in mitochondria when cells are poisoned with cyanide? Do the rates of oxygen consumption and ATP formation increase, decrease, or remain constant?arrow_forwardPlease answer this question in detail because I don't understand it. Thank you. Which of the following best describes the role of chemiosmosis in oxidative phosphorylation? (A) Chemiosmosis is the movement of electrons down their electrochemical gradient, which generates energy in the electron transport chain. (B) Chemiosmosis is the chemical breakdown of ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate. (C) Chemiosmosis is the movement of chemicals dissolved in water down their concentration gradient, across the mitochondrial membrane. (D) Chemiosmosis is the chemical breakdown of water into hydrogen and oxygen ions at the final stage of the electron transport chain. (E) Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions down their electrochemical gradient, which generates ATP.arrow_forward
- Models such as the one shown in the illustration below are often used to represent the electron transport chain. Explain why this model is well-suited to this concept. Explain why metabolic processes such as cellular respiration and photosynthesis require a multi-stage release of energy, rather than a one-step reactionarrow_forwardDescribe the main functions of the different components of the ATP synthase enzyme in the mitochondrion. A structurally similar enzyme is responsible for the acidification of lysosomes and endosomes. Given what you know about the mechanism of ATP synthesis, explain how this acidification might occur.arrow_forwardExplain the role that proton (H+) movement plays in chemiosmotic ATP generation during oxidative phosphorylation (“oxphos”) in aerobic cellular respiration. Include in your answer a description of the process (i.e., where H+ are originally, where they accumulate, etc). You don't need to name all of the members of the transport chain.arrow_forward
- The electron transport chain makes no ATP directly. Instead, it eases the fall of electrons from food to oxygen, breaking a large free-energy drop into a series of smaller steps that release energy in manageable amounts, step by step. How does the mitochondrion (or the plasma membrane in prokaryotes) couple this electron transport and energy release to ATP synthesis?arrow_forwardCyanide is a chemical that irreversibly binds to (i.e. prevents the functioning of) the enzyme cytochrome oxidase, an important enzyme in the electron transport system. a) Explain, at the cellular level, why cyanide is a lethal chemical. b) Suggest at least one other cellular consequence of cyanide (i.e. what else happens to the electron transport system when cyanide is present), and an explanation of this effect.arrow_forwardIn the pathways of cell metabolism, 1) glycolysis does NOT occur in the mitochondria, AND 2) the proton gradient in oxidative phosphorylation occurs through a PASSIVE transport process. True Falsearrow_forward
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