
The most common isotope of oxygen has a mass number of 16, but two other isotopes having mass numbers of 17 and 18 are also known. For each isotope, give the following information: (a) the number of protons; (b) the number of neutrons; (c) the number of electrons in the neutral atom; (d) the group number; (e) the element symbols using superscripts and subscripts.
(a)

Interpretation:
The number of protons for the three isotopes of Oxygen has to be given.
Concept Introduction:
Protons:
A proton is one of three main particles that make up the atom. Protons are a tiny, dense region at the center of the atom. Protons have a positive electrical charge of +1 and a mass of 1 atomic mass which is 1.62×10-27 kilograms.
Explanation of Solution
Given,
The atomic number of Oxygen is 8.
Atomic number of an element=The number of protons
Thus the number of protons for three isotopes of Oxygen (Oxygen-16,oxygen-17 and oxygen-18) is 8.
(b)

Interpretation:
The number of neutrons for the three isotopes of Oxygen has to be given.
Concept Introduction:
Neutrons:
Atoms of all elements except for most atoms of hydrogen have neutrons in their nucleus. Unlike protons and electrons, which are electrically charged, neutrons have no charge they are electrically neutral.
Explanation of Solution
Given,
The mass number of three oxygen isotopes is 16,17,18.
The number of protons in three Oxygen isotopes is 8.
The mass number of Oxygen -16 can be calculated as,
A=Number of protons + Number of neutrons
Number of neutrons=A-Number of protons Number of neutrons=16-8Number of neutrons=8
The mass number of Oxygen -16 is 8.
The mass number of Oxygen -17 can be calculated as,
A=Number of protons + Number of neutrons
Number of neutrons=A-Number of protons Number of neutrons=17-8Number of neutrons=9
The mass number of Oxygen -17 is 9.
The mass number of Oxygen -18 can be calculated as,
A=Number of protons + Number of neutrons
Number of neutrons=A-Number of protons Number of neutrons=18-8Number of neutrons=10
The mass number of Oxygen -18 is 10.
(c)

Interpretation:
The number of electrons for the three isotopes of Oxygen has to be given.
Concept Introduction:
Electrons:
Electrons have an electric charge of -1, which is equal but opposite to the charge of a proton, which have an electric charge of +1. All atoms have the same number of electrons as protons, so the positive and negative charges cancel out making atoms electrically neutral.
Explanation of Solution
Given,
The atomic number of Oxygen is 8.
Atomic number of an element=The number of electrons
Thus the number of electrons for three isotopes of Oxygen (Oxygen-16,oxygen-17 and oxygen-18) is 8.
(d)

Interpretation:
The group number of Oxygen has to be given.
Explanation of Solution
The oxygen is placed as first element in group-16 of the periodic table and is considered among the main group elements.
(e)

Interpretation:
The isotopic symbol of three Oxygen isotopes has to be given.
Explanation of Solution
The isotopic symbol of Oxygen-16 is,
Given,
The atomic number is 8.
The mass number is 16.
The isotopic symbol of the Oxygen-16 is given by writing the atomic number on the subscript and the mass number on the superscript. Thus, the isotopic symbol of Oxygen-16 is 816O.
The isotopic symbol of Oxygen-17 is,
Given,
The atomic number is 8.
The mass number is 17.
The isotopic symbol of the Oxygen-17 is given by writing the atomic number on the subscript and the mass number on the superscript. Thus, the isotopic symbol of Oxygen-17 is 817O.
The isotopic symbol of Oxygen-18 is,
Given,
The atomic number is 8.
The mass number is 18.
The isotopic symbol of the Oxygen-18 is given by writing the atomic number on the subscript and the mass number on the superscript. Thus, the isotopic symbol of Oxygen-18 is 818O.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 2 Solutions
Principles of General, Organic, Biological Chemistry
- Q10: (a) Propose a synthesis of C from A. (b) Propose a synthesis of C from B. Br Br ...\SCH 3 A B Carrow_forward9: Complete the missing entities for following reactions (e.g., major product(s), reactants, and/or solvents) for the SN2 reactions to occur efficiently. Include curved-arrow mechanism for reactions a) to d).arrow_forwardComplete the missing entities for following reactions (e.g., major product(s), reactants, and/or solvents) for the SN2 reactions to occur efficiently. Include curved-arrow mechanism for reactions a) to d).arrow_forward
- QUESTION 3: Provide the synthetic steps that convert the starting material into the product (no mechanism required). HO OH NH CH3 multiple steps 요요 H3Carrow_forwardQ6: Predict the effect of the changes given on the rate of the reaction below. CH3OH CH3Cl + NaOCH3 → CH3OCH3 + NaCl a) Change the substrate from CH3CI to CH31: b) Change the nucleophile from NaOCH 3 to NaSCH3: c) Change the substrate from CH3CI to (CH3)2CHCI: d) Change the solvent from CH3OH to DMSO.arrow_forwardQ3: Arrange each group of compounds from fastest SN2 reaction rate to slowest SN2 reaction rate. a) CI Cl فيكم H3C-Cl A B C D Br Br b) A B C Br H3C-Br Darrow_forward
- Q2: Group these solvents into either protic solvents or aprotic solvents. Acetonitrile (CH3CN), H₂O, Acetic acid (CH3COOH), Acetone (CH3COCH3), CH3CH2OH, DMSO (CH3SOCH3), DMF (HCON(CH3)2), CH3OHarrow_forwardSuppose the rate of evaporation in a hot, dry region is 1.76 meters per year, and the seawater there has a salinity of 35 ‰. Assuming a 93% yield, how much salt (NaCl) can be harvested each year from 1 km2 of solar evaporation ponds that use this seawater as a source?arrow_forwardhelparrow_forward
- Explain why only the lone pairs on the central atom are taken into consideration when predicting molecular shapearrow_forward(ME EX1) Prblm #9/10 Can you explain in detail (step by step) I'm so confused with these problems. For turmber 13 can u turn them into lewis dot structures so I can better understand because, and then as well explain the resonance structure part. Thanks for the help.arrow_forwardProblems 19 and 20: (ME EX1) Can you please explain the following in detail? I'm having trouble understanding them. Both problems are difficult for me to explain in detail, so please include the drawings and answers.arrow_forward
- Introduction to General, Organic and BiochemistryChemistryISBN:9781285869759Author:Frederick A. Bettelheim, William H. Brown, Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell, Omar TorresPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry for Engineering StudentsChemistryISBN:9781337398909Author:Lawrence S. Brown, Tom HolmePublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: Principles and ReactionsChemistryISBN:9781305079373Author:William L. Masterton, Cecile N. HurleyPublisher:Cengage Learning
- General Chemistry - Standalone book (MindTap Cour...ChemistryISBN:9781305580343Author:Steven D. Gammon, Ebbing, Darrell Ebbing, Steven D., Darrell; Gammon, Darrell Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon, Darrell D.; Gammon, Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon; DarrellPublisher:Cengage LearningIntroductory Chemistry: A FoundationChemistryISBN:9781337399425Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: Principles and PracticeChemistryISBN:9780534420123Author:Daniel L. Reger, Scott R. Goode, David W. Ball, Edward MercerPublisher:Cengage Learning





