The most common isotope of oxygen has a mass number of 16, but two other isotopes having mass numbers of 17 and 18 are also known. For each isotope, give the following information: (a) the number of protons; (b) the number of neutrons; (c) the number of electrons in the neutral atom; (d) the group number; (e) the element symbols using superscripts and subscripts.
(a)
Interpretation:
The number of protons for the three isotopes of Oxygen has to be given.
Concept Introduction:
Protons:
A proton is one of three main particles that make up the atom. Protons are a tiny, dense region at the center of the atom. Protons have a positive electrical charge of
Explanation of Solution
Given,
The atomic number of Oxygen is
Thus the number of protons for three isotopes of Oxygen (Oxygen-16,oxygen-17 and oxygen-18) is
(b)
Interpretation:
The number of neutrons for the three isotopes of Oxygen has to be given.
Concept Introduction:
Neutrons:
Atoms of all elements except for most atoms of hydrogen have neutrons in their nucleus. Unlike protons and electrons, which are electrically charged, neutrons have no charge they are electrically neutral.
Explanation of Solution
Given,
The mass number of three oxygen isotopes is
The number of protons in three Oxygen isotopes is
The mass number of Oxygen -16 can be calculated as,
The mass number of Oxygen -16 is
The mass number of Oxygen -17 can be calculated as,
The mass number of Oxygen -17 is
The mass number of Oxygen -18 can be calculated as,
The mass number of Oxygen -18 is
(c)
Interpretation:
The number of electrons for the three isotopes of Oxygen has to be given.
Concept Introduction:
Electrons:
Electrons have an electric charge of
Explanation of Solution
Given,
The atomic number of Oxygen is
Thus the number of electrons for three isotopes of Oxygen (Oxygen-16,oxygen-17 and oxygen-18) is
(d)
Interpretation:
The group number of Oxygen has to be given.
Explanation of Solution
The oxygen is placed as first element in group-16 of the periodic table and is considered among the main group elements.
(e)
Interpretation:
The isotopic symbol of three Oxygen isotopes has to be given.
Explanation of Solution
The isotopic symbol of Oxygen-16 is,
Given,
The atomic number is
The mass number is
The isotopic symbol of the Oxygen-16 is given by writing the atomic number on the subscript and the mass number on the superscript. Thus, the isotopic symbol of Oxygen-16 is
The isotopic symbol of Oxygen-17 is,
Given,
The atomic number is
The mass number is
The isotopic symbol of the Oxygen-17 is given by writing the atomic number on the subscript and the mass number on the superscript. Thus, the isotopic symbol of Oxygen-17 is
The isotopic symbol of Oxygen-18 is,
Given,
The atomic number is
The mass number is
The isotopic symbol of the Oxygen-18 is given by writing the atomic number on the subscript and the mass number on the superscript. Thus, the isotopic symbol of Oxygen-18 is
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Chapter 2 Solutions
Principles of General, Organic, Biological Chemistry
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