Essentials of Genetics (9th Edition) - Standalone book
9th Edition
ISBN: 9780134047799
Author: William S. Klug, Michael R. Cummings, Charlotte A. Spencer, Michael A. Palladino
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 2, Problem 1PDQ
HOW DO WE KNOW?
In this chapter, we focused on how chromosomes are distributed during cell division, both in dividing somatic cells (mitosis) and in gamete- and spore-forming cells (meiosis). We found many opportunities to consider the methods and reasoning by which much of this information was acquired. From the explanations given in the chapter, answer the following questions.
(a) How do we know that chromosomes exist in homologous pairs?
(b) How do we know that
(c) How do we know that mitotic chromosomes are derived from chromatin?
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9) A diploid cell is preparing to undergo meiosis. Before the 'S' phase, the cell has 6 picograms (pg) of DNA in it. Answer the following:
a) After the 'S' phase of the cell cycle what ploidy is the cell? How many picograms of DNA does it contain?
b) After meiosis I, how many daughter cells are there total? What is the ploidy of each cell? How many picograms of DNA does each cell contain?
A) Give the diploid number of this organism.
B) Is it mitosis or meiosis? Give two (2) elements on which you base your reasoning.
C) Identify this mystery phase of the cell cycle.
D) How many daughter cells will be produced at the end of the process and how many chromosomes (in numbers) will they contain?
E) How does this process ensure the genetic variability of individuals of the species? Your answer must be based on two (2) different elements.
You are investigating two temperature-sensitive mutant cells. In one, you can inactivate shugoshin activity by raising the temperature slightly at the start of meiosis. In the other, you can similarly inactivate separase activity by raising the temperature. How would the two cells be affected by inactivating these proteins?
Chapter 2 Solutions
Essentials of Genetics (9th Edition) - Standalone book
Ch. 2 - CASE STUDY | Timing is everything A man in his...Ch. 2 - CASE STUDY | Timing is everything A man in his...Ch. 2 - CASE STUDY | Timing is everything A man in his...Ch. 2 -
HOW DO WE KNOW?
1. In this chapter, we focused...Ch. 2 -
2. Review the Chapter Concepts list on page 12....Ch. 2 - What role do the following cellular components...Ch. 2 -
4. Discuss the concepts of homologous...Ch. 2 - If two chromosomes of a species are the same...Ch. 2 - Describe the events that characterize each stage...Ch. 2 - How are chromosomes named on the basis of their...
Ch. 2 - Prob. 8PDQCh. 2 -
9. Describe the phases of the cell cycle and the...Ch. 2 - Define and discuss these terms: (a) synapsis, (b)...Ch. 2 - Prob. 11PDQCh. 2 - Prob. 12PDQCh. 2 - Contrast spermatogenesis and oogenesis. What is...Ch. 2 -
14. Explain why meiosis leads to significant...Ch. 2 -
15. A diploid cell contains three pairs of...Ch. 2 - Prob. 16PDQCh. 2 -
17. During oogenesis in an animal species with a...Ch. 2 - Prob. 18PDQCh. 2 -
19. During the first meiotic prophase, (a) when...Ch. 2 -
20. Describe the role of meiosis in the life...Ch. 2 - Prob. 21PDQCh. 2 - Prob. 22PDQCh. 2 - Prob. 23PDQCh. 2 -
24. If one follows 50 primary oocytes in an...Ch. 2 -
25. The nuclear DNA content of a single sperm...Ch. 2 - For Problems 26–31, consider a diploid cell that...Ch. 2 - For Problems 26–31, consider a diploid cell that...Ch. 2 - For Problems 26–31, consider a diploid cell that...Ch. 2 -
For Problems 26–31, consider a diploid cell that...Ch. 2 - For Problems 26–31, consider a diploid cell that...Ch. 2 - For Problems 26–31, consider a diploid cell that...
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- How does prohpahse in mitosis differ from prohpahse 1 in meiosis? What genetic advantage does prohpahse 1 in meiosis offer that prohpahse in mitosis does not offerarrow_forwardA diploid organism produces four gametes from one parent cell through the process of meiosis. Two gametes are found to have 7 chromosomes and two gametes are found to have 5 chromosomes. A) Is this the expected number of chromosomes that would be found in each gamete following a normal cycle of meiosis? If yes, explain why. If no, explain why not and describe how the gamete situation described above occurred. B) Determine the number of homologous chromosome pairs that the original parent cell contained, before meiosis began. Explain how you determined this value.arrow_forwardA diploid species has 3 pairs of chromosomes in its somatic cells. In males, the first pair is large submetacentric[1]; the second is medium acrocentric[2], and the third is small telocentric[3]. In females, the first two pairs are like those of the males while the third is large metacentric[4][5], with satellite4 Illustrate the karyograms (drawing/picture of the chromosome) of the following: A triploid cell in females tetrasomic cell in males tetraploid cell in females [1] submetacentric --centrosome is just above the middle of the chromosome [2] acrocentric --centrosome is much higher location than submetacentric so that the “p” arm of the chromosome is much shorter than the q arm [3] telocentric --the centromere is at the end of the chromosome [4] metacentric --centrosome is in the middle of the chromosome; thus the “p-arm” and the “q-arm” or both arms of the chromosome are equal in length [5] satellite-a constriction in an arm of a chromosome, aside…arrow_forward
- Mitotic nondisjunction can occur, particularly in tumor cells. Assume a single nondisjunction event involving the X chromosome occurs in a cell undergoing mitosis in a human female. First, consider the daughter cell with the smaller number of chromosomes: How many total chromosomes will this cell have? How many X chromosomes will this cell have? Next, consider the daughter cell with the larger number of chromosomes: How many total chromosomes will this cell have? How many X chromosomes will this cell have?arrow_forwardKuliev and Verlinsky (2004) state that there was a relatively high number of separation errors at meiosis I. In these cases the centromere underwent a premature division, occurring at meiosis I rather than meiosis II. Regarding chromosome 21, what would you expect to be the chromosome 21 complement in the secondary oocyte in which you saw a single chromatid (monad) for chromosome 21 in the first polar body? If this secondary oocyte was involved in fertilization, what would be the expected consequences?arrow_forwardThe following four questions refer to the picture below: 1) In meiosis, the homologous chromosomes are side by side. Are they side by side in mitosis? 2)In meiosis, each centromere has a spindle fiber attached only to one side. In mitosis, each centromere has a spindle attached to how many sides? 3) Look at what happened right after Metaphase in both processes. In mitosis, what has been separated homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids? 4) After Metaphase I in meiosis, what has been separated, homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids?arrow_forward
- Why do eukaryotic cells need to go through the elaborate procedure of mitosis rather than simply dividing during interphase? Select as many answers as apply. 1.Daughter cells must be genetically identical to the mother cell, for homeostasis and ordered tissue growth. 2.Bivalent chromosomes must condense and be separated in an orderly fashion, to allow equal distribution of copies into daughter cells 3.Physically dividing the nucleus during interphase would likely lead to gross chromosome breakage and highly unequal assortment of genetic information into daughter cells. 4.Dividing the nucleus during interphase would have the same outcome as mitosis 5.Daughter cells must have half the number of chromosomes after mitosis than the mother cells 6.The homologous pairs of chromosomes need to be separated, to ensure copies go to the daughter cells.arrow_forwardIf the amount (mass) of DNA in a diploid cell during G1 phase prior to meiosis I is 8 pg (picograms), how much DNA would be present in a daughter cell immediately following: A) meiosis I? B) meiosis II? (for your information, this cell will function as a gamete) HINT: Go through the process of meiosis one step at a time. DNA replication would double the amount of DNA in the cell, cell division divides the DNA into two daughter cells.arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements about homologous chromosomes is accurate? Select all that apply. A.)They are the same as sister chromatids. B.) They are genetically identical. C.) They pair during mitosis. D.) They pair during meiosis. E.) They are genetically similar.arrow_forward
- Overall, meiosis and mitosis are analogous processes involving many of the same proteins. However, some proteins function uniquely in each of these cell-division events. Explain the meiosis-specific function of the following: (a) Ime2, (b) Rec8, (c) monopolin.arrow_forwardThe diagram below shows a cell during Meiosis II: a) What phase of Meiosis II is the cell in? How do you know? b) Assuming all of the chromosomes present during Meiosis II are shown in the figure above, how many chromosomes (counting homologous pairs as two chromosomes) does a gamete from this organism have? c) Draw the same cell during the same phase of Meiosis I. Label the elementsarrow_forwardMitosis produces 2 daughter cells that are identical to the starting cell. Explain how meíosis is different using this diagram to help you. 1) How many cells are created through meiosis? 2) Describe the chromosomes in each gamete at the end of meiosis? Are the set of chromosomes in a gamete identical to the starting cell like they are in mitosis? Are there the same number of chromosomes in each gamete as the starting cell? Starting cell's chromosomes: 1А, 1B, 2A, 2B Interphase After the S phase of interphase: 4 pairs of sister chromatids 1A 1A 1B 1B 2A 2A 2B 2B Meiosis has 2 rounds of cell division 1A, 1A, 1B, 1B, 2A 2B 2A 2B tv MacBook Air DII DD 80 888 F9 F10 F6 F7 F8 F4 F3 * #3 2$ % & 8 9 3 4 E T. Y F G J K * CO Rarrow_forward
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