Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781305251052
Author: Michael Cummings
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 19, Problem 5QP
Summary Introduction
To design: An experiment that can be used to test the evolutionary status of a population.
Introduction: Population can be defined as a group of people that belong to a particular species, and share the same gene pool and live in a common geographical area. The population of an area can be affected by several factors which include the mortality rate, birth rate, environmental factors, and exposure to diseases.
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Example: I go to a different population of fruit flies that have the same two alleles for eye-color. I suspect that the alleles occur in different frequencies in this second population. I sample 1000 flies and discover 10 that have brown eyes. What are the estimated frequencies of the "R" and "r" alleles in this population? Answer: Again, p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1. The term q2 = the relative frequency of homozygous recessive individuals, which corresponds to the ten brown-eyed flies I counted out of 1000 flies sampled. Thus, q2 = 10/1000 = 1/100. q = the square root of 1/100 or 0.1. Thus the frequency of "r" in this second population is 0.1 and the frequency of the "R" allele is 1 - q or 0.9. Problem 1: Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a disease caused by the build-up of the byproducts of metabolizing phenylalanine. It is caused by a defective, recessive allele. If a child is homozygous for this recessive allele, it will develop PKU. In the United States, PKU is detected in approximately 1 in 10,000…
Below is a plot of genotype frequencies in a population. Assuming the population is in
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the probability that any given individual will have
the m allele?
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
BB
Bb
bb
Provide an example of a research project in your hometown where you would choose to use a t-test for independent samples. Would you use a one-tail or two-tail test, and why? What is your null hypothesis and research hypothesis? If you have a sample size of 500, should you interpret the statistical significance or the effect size?
Chapter 19 Solutions
Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 19.8 - Why dont genetic markers on the Y chromosome...Ch. 19.8 - Prob. 2GRCh. 19 - If you suspected that heterozygous carriers of a...Ch. 19 - If allele frequencies in the hemoglobin gene are...Ch. 19 - Prob. 1QPCh. 19 - How Can We Measure Allele Frequencies in...Ch. 19 - How Can We Measure Allele Frequencies in...Ch. 19 - Prob. 4QPCh. 19 - Prob. 5QPCh. 19 - How Can We Measure Allele Frequencies in...
Ch. 19 - How Can We Measure Allele Frequencies in...Ch. 19 - How Can We Measure Allele Frequencies in...Ch. 19 - Using the HardyWeinberg Law in Human Genetics...Ch. 19 - Prob. 10QPCh. 19 - Using the HardyWeinberg Law in Human Genetics In a...Ch. 19 - Prob. 12QPCh. 19 - Measuring Genetic Diversity in Human Populations...Ch. 19 - Measuring Genetic Diversity in Human Populations...Ch. 19 - Prob. 15QPCh. 19 - Measuring Genetic Diversity in Human Populations...Ch. 19 - Prob. 17QPCh. 19 - Prob. 18QPCh. 19 - Measuring Genetic Diversity in Human Populations...Ch. 19 - Natural Selection Affects the Frequency of Genetic...Ch. 19 - Prob. 21QPCh. 19 - Prob. 22QPCh. 19 - The Evolutionary History and Spread of Our Species...Ch. 19 - Prob. 24QPCh. 19 - Genomics and Human Evolution The Denisovan genome...
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- Which of the following mathematical formulas is correct in how to calculate allele frequencies in a population? Take the number of one type of allele and subtract it from the number of the other type of allele Take the total number of alleles and divide it by the total number of both types of alleles Take the total number of alleles and divide it by the number of one type of allele Take the number of one type of allele and divide it by the total number of allelesarrow_forwardExamine the data below: Genotype: # individuals with this genotype in Generation 1: A1A1 45 A1A2 100 A2A2 125 Total 270 What is the frequency of the A1 allele in the first generation? Is this population in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium? Show your work.arrow_forwardHouse mouse (Mus musculus) Gene of interest: B4galnt2 (encodes glycosyltransferase enzyme) • Allele R: Associated with prolonged bleeding due to issues with blood clotting; associated with resistance to bacterial infections due to absence of intestinal expression. A Allele C: Associated with increased susceptibility to bacterial infections; not associated with prolonged bleeding. The population is closed; there are no new mice coming in. The cages are setup to allow for random mating. The B4galnt2 gene is not associated with any mating preferences or non-random mating patterns. Studies have shown that mutations in this locus are extremely rare. The population is EXTREMELY large. The population is kept in well maintained environment, free of bacterial infections. The mouse food is supplemented with a low dose of blood coagulator, which helps the blood clot and eliminates any prolonged bleeding. None of the genotypes display any side effects to this medication. B The population is…arrow_forward
- You and your lab partner ran a simulation to demonstrate the changes in allele frequency over time in a small and a large population. Your partner deletes the labels by accident and you need to figure out which line represents which population and why. Select the correct response. 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 1 2 3 6. 7 8 9 10 4 5 O The blue line represents the large population because the allele frequencies can change more freely in a large population. O The blue line represents the small population because small populations are more prone to genetic drift. O The gray line represents the small population because the deviations in allele frequencies are directly proportional to population size. O There is not enough information to match the correct population sizes and the plotted line.arrow_forwardWhat is the value of a random sample? Will random sampling always ensure that a sample is representative of a population? Explain your answer.arrow_forwardHow Can We Measure Allele Frequencies in Populations? Drawing on your newly acquired understanding of the HardyWeinberg equilibrium law, point out why the following statement is erroneous: Because most of the people in Sweden have blond hair and blue eyes, the genes for blond hair and blue eyes must be dominant in that population.arrow_forward
- How Can We Measure Allele Frequencies in Populations? The MN blood group is a single-gene, two-allele system in which each allele is codominant. Why are such codominant alleles ideal for studies of allele frequencies in a population?arrow_forwardA hypothethical population of 10,000 humans has 6,840 individuals with the blood type AA, 2,860 individuals with blood type AB and 300 individuals with the blood type BB. What is the frequency of each genotype in this population? AA = AB = BB = What is the frequency of the A allele? What is the frequency of the B allele?arrow_forwardIf there are two alleles in a population, and the frequency of one is 0.25, what is the frequency of the other allele? 25% 50% 30% 75%arrow_forward
- A hypothethical population of 10,000 humans has 6,840 individuals with the blood type AA, 2,860 individuals with blood type AB and 300 individuals with the blood type BB. What is the frequency of each genotype in this population? AA = AB = BB = What is the frequency of the A allele? What is the frequency of the B allele? If the next generation contained 25,000 individuals, how many individuals would have blood type BB, assuming the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equlibrium?arrow_forwardIn a population of 123 individuals, a locus has two alleles: E and e. If 30 individuals have the ee genotype, and the locus is at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the frequency of the EE genotype? Round your answer to the second decimal place.arrow_forwardIn this version of the simulation (500 population size; 500 carrying capacity), all fish are equally likely (though not 100% likely) to survive and reproduce. There are no mutations, nor are there any entering or leaving the population. When they reproduce, they choose a mate from the pool at random and produce ten offspring by chance with the probability of the offspring’s genotypes determined by the punnett square. What caused the allele frequencies to change and vary in the trials? (ex attached).arrow_forward
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