Human Biology: Concepts and Current Issues (8th Edition)
8th Edition
ISBN: 9780134042435
Author: Michael D. Johnson
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 18, Problem 3TY
Summary Introduction
Introduction:
Cancer is the uncontrolled and abnormal growth of cells present in the body. Cancer occurs because of failure of the mechanism that is supposed to control the cell proliferation and growth. Many factors can cause this failure; mutation is one of them. Mutation in certain genes which are involved in controlling the cell growth may also cause cancer.
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Which of the following is NOT an example of fail-safe mechanisms that prevent the irregular cell divisions characteristic of cancer?
a.Shortening of telomeres
b.Cell division limit
c.Mutation in a tumor suppressor gene
d.Triggered cell death
Tumor growth rate is dependent on which of the following factors?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Quantity of actively dividing cells
Type of malignancy
Staging at time of diagnosis
Mitotic phase of the cell cycle
Put a checkmark next to any of the following scenarios that would make it MORE likely that a cell would divide when it is not supposed to, increasing the chance that it would become cancerous. CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY.
A) A tumor suppressor gene is over-expressed
B) A cyclin gene is mutated so that it is expressed at all times during the cell cycle
C) A cyclin-dependent kinase gene is mutated so that in the Cdk is no longer dependent on its cyclin
D) A Cdk gene is mutated so that the Cdk protein is not made
E) Mutation of an oncogene that causes it to no longer be expressed
F) A proto-oncogene gene is expressed at higher than normal levels
G) The p53 gene is mutated so that no p53 protein is made
Chapter 18 Solutions
Human Biology: Concepts and Current Issues (8th Edition)
Ch. 18 - Prob. 1QCCh. 18 - Prob. 2QCCh. 18 - Prob. 3QCCh. 18 - Compare and contrast a benign tumor and a...Ch. 18 - Prob. 2CRCh. 18 - Prob. 3CRCh. 18 - Explain why we have not yet made much progress...Ch. 18 - Prob. 5CRCh. 18 - Prob. 6CRCh. 18 - Prob. 7CR
Ch. 18 -
8. Describe how tumors are diagnosed.
Ch. 18 - Prob. 9CRCh. 18 - Prob. 10CRCh. 18 - Prob. 1TYCh. 18 - Prob. 2TYCh. 18 - Prob. 3TYCh. 18 -
4. Which of the following statements regarding...Ch. 18 - Prob. 5TYCh. 18 - Prob. 6TYCh. 18 - Which of the following cancer treatments would be...Ch. 18 - Prob. 8TYCh. 18 - Prob. 9TYCh. 18 -
10. The ABCD rule refers to the evaluation of:
a....Ch. 18 - The most common cause(s) of cancer deaths in the...Ch. 18 - Which of the following statements about breast...Ch. 18 - Prob. 13TYCh. 18 - Prob. 14TYCh. 18 - Prob. 15TYCh. 18 -
1. Why do you suppose that the death rate from...Ch. 18 - Prob. 2AWKCh. 18 - Prob. 3AWKCh. 18 - Prob. 4AWKCh. 18 - Common therapies for cancer include chemotherapy...Ch. 18 - The first cancer that can be nearly completely...
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- Explain the difference between a proto-oncogene and a tumor suppressor gene.arrow_forwardAnother model, the random model, proposes that any cell in a malignant tumor has the potential to form a new tumor. Does the cancer stem cell hypothesis contradict this idea?arrow_forwardWhich of the following steps are correct about multistep tumorigenesis (select all that apply)? A. Mutations in progenitor cells are more likely to develop a neoplastic state compared to mutations in stem cells B. Driver mutations give a cell clone a proliferative advanage C. The rate of mutation /genetic change is constant during tumor progression D. Nutrition/diet may effect rate of tumorigenesis E. All cells within a tumor are biologically equivalent and equally capable of high levels proliferationarrow_forward
- Tumor suppressor proteins can assist in slowing down the cell cycle under appropriate conditions. In humans, the TP53 gene encodes a tumor suppressor called p53. Most mutations in the TP53 gene result in a mutant form of p53 that can no longer function to slow down the cell cycle, which can lead to a cell becoming cancerous. However, some mutant forms of p53 actually possess the ability to increase a cell's resistance to anticancer treatments. Which of the following BEST describes the latter type of mutation? loss-of-function mutation gain-of-function mutation suppressor mutation reverse mutationarrow_forwardWhy would the failure of the p53 tumor supressor gene be more likely to cause cancer in a seventy year old person compared to a ten year old person? Group of answer choices A. the p53 gene never works well in old people B. cells divide more rapidly as people get older C.The seventy year old is more likely to have pre-existing failures in cell cycle control D. there are fewer mutations in genes controlling the cell cycle in older peoplearrow_forwardThe p53 gene was discovered in 1979, but it was not clear whether the gene functioned as an oncogene or a tumor-suppressor gene. Several years later, researchers showed that both p53 alleles are inactivated in some mouse cancers. This evidence suggests A. the p53 gene is an oncogene because inactivated alleles would produce mutated signal transduction proteins that would result in stimulating cell division. B. the p53 gene is an oncogene because the cell would overproduce transcription factors to compensate for the inactive alleles, resulting in increased cell division. C. the p53 gene is a tumor-suppressor gene because inactivated alleles indicate a loss of protein function which allowed the cancer to develop D. the p53 gene is a tumor-suppressor gene because the cell would produce too few transcription factors for gene activation, resulting in decreased cell division.arrow_forward
- Much remains unknown about the rapid, uncontrolled growth, or what causes a tumor to metastasize. Scientists do know that cancer cells come from normal healthy cells that have had some type of damage done to the genes that aid in the production of the regulatory proteins for the cell cycle. What causes this damage? a proto-oncogenes b mutations c enzymes d tumor suppressorsarrow_forwardWith regard to human cancer cells, which of the following statements is true? A. Cancer cells within one tumor usually do not share common mutations B. Cancer cells generally have lost the ability to divide C. Oncogenes are non-human genes not related to normal genes in the human genome D. Mutations in DNA repair genes result in an increased chance of getting cancer.arrow_forwardWith regard to cancer cells, which of the following are true? A. Cancer cells are clonal, meaning that they are derived from many different cells that all underwent the same clonal mutation. Cells usually accumulate many mutations over time, and this results in cancerous growth. B. Almost all cancers are caused by oncogenic viruses. no Benign tumors are dangerous because they can easily invade surrounding tissue and spread to other locations in the body. DE. Cancer cells are unable to control their division.arrow_forward
- With regard to cancer cells, which of the following statementsare true?A. Cancer cells are clonal, which means they are derived from asingle mutant cell.B. To become cancerous, cells usually accumulate multiplegenetic changes that eventually result in uncontrolledgrowth.C. Most cancers are caused by oncogenic viruses.D. Cancer cells have lost the ability to properly regulate celldivision.arrow_forwardThe p53 gene is a tumor-suppressor gene while p634 gene is an oncogene. Mutation in either one can result in the transformation of a normal cell into a cancer cell. Explain the difference between the functions of the two proteins and how their mutation can lead to cancer development.arrow_forwardWhat is the difference in an oncogene and tumor suppressor gene and how can each potentially lead to cancer?arrow_forward
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