To explain:
The mutagenic chain reaction (MCR) method would result in a rapid increase in the frequency of the mutated alleles in the population if the flies were released to the wild.
Introduction:
The MCR is a method, which converts heterozygous mutation to homozygous mutation. This method includes CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)/Cas9 genome editing technology.
In the given case, researchers wanted to produce malaria resistance mosquitoes by using gene knockout method. In this method, only one allele is mutated, which do not result in a rapid spread of malaria resistance. There was a need for method that can mutate two alleles together. Thus, researchers used MCR to produce flies with the homozygous mutation. They used CRISPR technology to convert heterozygous mutations to homozygous ones in the model organism Drosophila melanogaster. The CAS9 enzyme was used to cut body color gene carried on the X chromosome. The mutated genes are replicated by fly’s deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
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Chapter 18 Solutions
Life: The Science of Biology
- Calculate all the frequencies and summarize them in the attached table. Then use the data to answer the questions below: Which of the following best describes the change in kdr genotype frequencies over time in A. gambiae? Choice 1 of 4:From pre-2006 to post-2006, the frequency of the r/r genotype increased slightly while the frequencies of +/+ and +/r genotypes decreased dramatically. Choice 2 of 4:From pre-2006 to post-2006, the frequency of the r/r genotype increased dramatically while the frequencies of +/+ and +/r genotypes decreased dramatically. Choice 3 of 4:From pre-2006 to post-2006, the frequency of the r/r genotype increased dramatically while the frequencies of +/+ and +/r genotypes remained relatively constant. Choice 4 of 4:From pre-2006 to post-2006, there was little change to the r/r, +/+, and +/r genotype frequencies Which of the following best describes the change in kdr genotype frequencies over time in A. coluzzii? Choice 1 of 4:From…arrow_forwardexplain why “editing” is a metaphor for how naturalselection acts on a population’s heritable variationarrow_forwardIn a population of 500 fruit flies, 250 are genotype RR, 100 are genotype Rr and 150 are genotype rr. Determine the allele frequencies for this gene in this population. Remember that the frequencies should add to 1. Please show your work.arrow_forward
- Design a simple, manipulative experiment to test the hypothesis that synthetic fertilizers in the environment influence the population density of the salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum. Your experiment can have no fewer than two treatments and no more than four. State your hypothesis. Briefly describe your experiment. Address the following: Is it a field or lab experiment? What are the treatments, how are they set up, and what differentiates them? How many replicates of each treatment will there be? What are the standardized conditions of your experiment? C. Identify the independent variable, including units, in your experiment. D. Identify the dependent variable, including units, in your experiment. E. Identify at least one control treatment and explain its specific role in the experiment.arrow_forwardEstimate LD by calculating D and r2 between genes A and B if the number of haplotypes in the population of 165 people is: N (AB) = 100; N (Ab) = 10; N (aB) = 20; N (ab) = 200arrow_forwardYou are maintaining a small population of fruit flies in the laboratory by transferring the flies to a new culture bottle after each generation. After several generations, you notice that the viability of the flies has decreased greatly. Recognizing that small population size is likely to be linked to decreased viability, the best way to reverse this trend is to cross your flies with flies from another lab. True or falsearrow_forward
- Taita thrush is an endangered bird endemic to Kenya. Galbusera and colleagues genotyped Taita thrush individuals from three populations at microsatellite markers. You have a museum specimen, and you want to determine which population it most likely to came from. You determine that the museum specimen is homozygous for two microsatellite alleles (A₁ and B₁). The frequencies of each allele in each population are shown in the table below. Population Chawia Mbololo Allele A₁ 0.6471 0.7063 0.6204 Allele B₁ 0.2917 0.1863 0.4000 Ngangao What is the probability that your individual comes from each of the three populations?arrow_forwardImagine that the volcano on Mt. St. Helens erupts again. All life is removed from the side of the mountain and has to recolonize. Your first task as a geneticist for United States Forest Service is to estimate the frequency of the red allele in the lupine plants that colonize the site. You know that the lupine seeds came from a nearby population where the frequency of the red allele has consistently been approximately 0.2 for many generations. However, in the first year (i.e. first generation, before any local reproduction) on Mt. St. Helens, the red allele of this newly colonized population has a frequency of 0.9. What is the most likely explanation for this difference in allele frequency from the nearby population?arrow_forwardDiscuss how the finite size of populations means that new mutations eventually will be either lost or fixed.arrow_forward
- A.) Based on the graph, determine whether or not the fruit fly population is evolving. Justify your answer? B.) Described the frequency of the recessive allele over time. Make a hypothesis to explain what has affected the frequency of the recessives allele over time?arrow_forward900 bacteria had two recessive alleles out of a total of every 10,000 bacteria. Using the Hardy-Weinberg equation(s), determine the frequency of the recessive and dominant alleles.arrow_forwardRefer to the figure above. In their investigation of natural selection on Mc1r alleles (the gene that determines coat color) in Arizona pocket mice, Hoekstra et al. determined the frequency of the D and d alleles in each population. They also determined the frequency of alleles for two neutral mitochondrial DNA genes (genes that do not affect and are not linked to coat color). Why did the researchers include the mitochondrial DNA genes as part of their experimental design? Allele change for the neutral mitochondrial genes serves as an experimental group and gives information on any general background genetic difference among these populations. Allele change for the neutral mitochondrial genes serves as a control and determines coat-color differences among these populations. Allele change for the neutral mitochondrial genes serves as an experimental group and gives information on coat-color differences among these populations. Allele…arrow_forward
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