Chapter 18, Problem 23RQ

In early research on the control of rhythmic breathing, scientists made the following observations. What hypotheses might the researchers have formulated from each observation?

1. a. Observation. If the brain stem is severed below the medulla, all respiratory movement ceases.
2. b. Observation. If the brain stem is severed above the level of the pons, ventilation is normal.
3. c. Observation. If the medulla is completely separated from the pons and higher brain centers, ventilation becomes irregular but a. pattern of inspiration/expiration remains.