(a) Interpretation: The complete and detailed mechanism for the given reaction is to be drawn, and the products are to be predicted. Concept introduction: When a ketone or an aldehyde is treated with aqueous hydrocyanic acid (HCN), the product is a cyanohydrin, in which an OH group and a cyano (CN) group are bonded to the same carbon atom. The reaction can be sped up by the addition of a small amount of either KCN or the strong base NaOH by increasing the concentration of NC - in the reaction mixture. The mechanism involves two steps. In the first step, the nucleophile NC - adds to the carbonyl carbon, forming an alkoxide. In the second step, a proton is transferred from the protic solvent to the alkoxide ion, giving the final product.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 18.4P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The complete and detailed mechanism for the given reaction is to be drawn, and the products are to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

When a ketone or an aldehyde is treated with aqueous hydrocyanic acid (HCN), the product is a cyanohydrin, in which an OH group and a cyano (CN) group are bonded to the same carbon atom. The reaction can be sped up by the addition of a small amount of either KCN or the strong base NaOH by increasing the concentration of NC- in the reaction mixture. The mechanism involves two steps. In the first step, the nucleophile NC- adds to the carbonyl carbon, forming an alkoxide. In the second step, a proton is transferred from the protic solvent to the alkoxide ion, giving the final product.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The complete and detailed mechanism for the given reaction is to be drawn, and the products are to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

When a ketone or an aldehyde is treated with aqueous hydrocyanic acid (HCN), the product is a cyanohydrin, in which an OH group and a cyano (CN) group are bonded to the same carbon atom. The reaction can be sped up by the addition of a small amount of either KCN or the strong base NaOH by increasing the concentration of NC- in the reaction mixture. The mechanism involves two steps. In the first step, the nucleophile NC- adds to the carbonyl carbon, forming an alkoxide. In the second step, a proton is transferred from the protic solvent to the alkoxide ion, giving the final product.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 18.4P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The complete and detailed mechanism for the given reaction is to be drawn, and the products are to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

When a ketone or an aldehyde is treated with aqueous hydrocyanic acid (HCN), the product is a cyanohydrin, in which an OH group and a cyano (CN) group are bonded to the same carbon atom. The reaction can be sped up by the addition of a small amount of either KCN or the strong base NaOH by increasing the concentration of NC- in the reaction mixture. The mechanism involves two steps. In the first step, the nucleophile NC- adds to the carbonyl carbon, forming an alkoxide. In the second step, a proton is transferred from the protic solvent to the alkoxide ion, giving the final product.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The complete and detailed mechanism for the given reaction is to be drawn, and the products are to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

When a ketone or an aldehyde is treated with aqueous hydrocyanic acid (HCN), the product is a cyanohydrin, in which an OH group and a cyano (CN) group are bonded to the same carbon atom. The reaction can be sped up by the addition of a small amount of either KCN or the strong base NaOH by increasing the concentration of NC- in the reaction mixture. The mechanism involves two steps. In the first step, the nucleophile NC- adds to the carbonyl carbon, forming an alkoxide. In the second step, a proton is transferred from the protic solvent to the alkoxide ion, giving the final product.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 18.4P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The complete and detailed mechanism for the given reaction is to be drawn, and the products are to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

When a ketone or an aldehyde is treated with aqueous hydrocyanic acid (HCN), the product is a cyanohydrin, in which an OH group and a cyano (CN) group are bonded to the same carbon atom. The reaction can be sped up by the addition of a small amount of either KCN or the strong base NaOH by increasing the concentration of NC- in the reaction mixture. The mechanism involves two steps. In the first step, the nucleophile NC- adds to the carbonyl carbon, forming an alkoxide. In the second step, a proton is transferred from the protic solvent to the alkoxide ion, giving the final product.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The complete and detailed mechanism for the given reaction is to be drawn, and the products are to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

When a ketone or an aldehyde is treated with aqueous hydrocyanic acid (HCN), the product is a cyanohydrin, in which an OH group and a cyano (CN) group are bonded to the same carbon atom. The reaction can be sped up by the addition of a small amount of either KCN or the strong base NaOH by increasing the concentration of NC- in the reaction mixture. The mechanism involves two steps. In the first step, the nucleophile NC- adds to the carbonyl carbon, forming an alkoxide. In the second step, a proton is transferred from the protic solvent to the alkoxide ion, giving the final product.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 18.4P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The complete and detailed mechanism for the given reaction is to be drawn, and the products are to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

When a ketone or an aldehyde is treated with aqueous hydrocyanic acid (HCN), the product is a cyanohydrin, in which an OH group and a cyano (CN) group are bonded to the same carbon atom. The reaction can be sped up by the addition of a small amount of either KCN or the strong base NaOH by increasing the concentration of NC- in the reaction mixture. The mechanism involves two steps. In the first step, the nucleophile NC- adds to the carbonyl carbon, forming an alkoxide. In the second step, a proton is transferred from the protic solvent to the alkoxide ion, giving the final product.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The complete and detailed mechanism for the given reaction is to be drawn, and the products are to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

When a ketone or an aldehyde is treated with aqueous hydrocyanic acid (HCN), the product is a cyanohydrin, in which an OH group and a cyano (CN) group are bonded to the same carbon atom. The reaction can be sped up by the addition of a small amount of either KCN or the strong base NaOH by increasing the concentration of NC- in the reaction mixture. The mechanism involves two steps. In the first step, the nucleophile NC- adds to the carbonyl carbon, forming an alkoxide. In the second step, a proton is transferred from the protic solvent to the alkoxide ion, giving the final product.

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Answer 5

Chapter 18, Problem 18.4P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The complete and detailed mechanism for the given reaction is to be drawn, and the products are to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

When a ketone or an aldehyde is treated with aqueous hydrocyanic acid (HCN), the product is a cyanohydrin, in which an OH group and a cyano (CN) group are bonded to the same carbon atom. The reaction can be sped up by the addition of a small amount of either KCN or the strong base NaOH by increasing the concentration of NC- in the reaction mixture. The mechanism involves two steps. In the first step, the nucleophile NC- adds to the carbonyl carbon, forming an alkoxide. In the second step, a proton is transferred from the protic solvent to the alkoxide ion, giving the final product.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The complete and detailed mechanism for the given reaction is to be drawn, and the products are to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

When a ketone or an aldehyde is treated with aqueous hydrocyanic acid (HCN), the product is a cyanohydrin, in which an OH group and a cyano (CN) group are bonded to the same carbon atom. The reaction can be sped up by the addition of a small amount of either KCN or the strong base NaOH by increasing the concentration of NC- in the reaction mixture. The mechanism involves two steps. In the first step, the nucleophile NC- adds to the carbonyl carbon, forming an alkoxide. In the second step, a proton is transferred from the protic solvent to the alkoxide ion, giving the final product.

Answer 6

Chapter 18, Problem 18.4P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The complete and detailed mechanism for the given reaction is to be drawn, and the products are to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

When a ketone or an aldehyde is treated with aqueous hydrocyanic acid (HCN), the product is a cyanohydrin, in which an OH group and a cyano (CN) group are bonded to the same carbon atom. The reaction can be sped up by the addition of a small amount of either KCN or the strong base NaOH by increasing the concentration of NC- in the reaction mixture. The mechanism involves two steps. In the first step, the nucleophile NC- adds to the carbonyl carbon, forming an alkoxide. In the second step, a proton is transferred from the protic solvent to the alkoxide ion, giving the final product.

Answer 7

Chapter 18, Problem 18.4P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The complete and detailed mechanism for the given reaction is to be drawn, and the products are to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

When a ketone or an aldehyde is treated with aqueous hydrocyanic acid (HCN), the product is a cyanohydrin, in which an OH group and a cyano (CN) group are bonded to the same carbon atom. The reaction can be sped up by the addition of a small amount of either KCN or the strong base NaOH by increasing the concentration of NC- in the reaction mixture. The mechanism involves two steps. In the first step, the nucleophile NC- adds to the carbonyl carbon, forming an alkoxide. In the second step, a proton is transferred from the protic solvent to the alkoxide ion, giving the final product.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The complete and detailed mechanism for the given reaction is to be drawn, and the products are to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

When a ketone or an aldehyde is treated with aqueous hydrocyanic acid (HCN), the product is a cyanohydrin, in which an OH group and a cyano (CN) group are bonded to the same carbon atom. The reaction can be sped up by the addition of a small amount of either KCN or the strong base NaOH by increasing the concentration of NC- in the reaction mixture. The mechanism involves two steps. In the first step, the nucleophile NC- adds to the carbonyl carbon, forming an alkoxide. In the second step, a proton is transferred from the protic solvent to the alkoxide ion, giving the final product.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The complete and detailed mechanism for the given reaction is to be drawn, and the products are to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

When a ketone or an aldehyde is treated with aqueous hydrocyanic acid (HCN), the product is a cyanohydrin, in which an OH group and a cyano (CN) group are bonded to the same carbon atom. The reaction can be sped up by the addition of a small amount of either KCN or the strong base NaOH by increasing the concentration of NC- in the reaction mixture. The mechanism involves two steps. In the first step, the nucleophile NC- adds to the carbonyl carbon, forming an alkoxide. In the second step, a proton is transferred from the protic solvent to the alkoxide ion, giving the final product.

Answer 10

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Answer 11

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Answer 12

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Answer 13

Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.1P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.2P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.3P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.4P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.5P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.6P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.7P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.8P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.9P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.10P

Solution Summary: The author explains the complete and detailed mechanism for the given reaction, and the products are to be predicted.

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Chapter 18 Solutions