Biology
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780134813448
Author: Audesirk, Teresa, Gerald, Byers, Bruce E.
Publisher: Pearson,
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Chapter 16.3, Problem 4TC
Microbiologists have discovered that alleles associated with antibiotic resistance are present in bacteria that live in soil, even in environments that are comparatively free of antibiotic pollution from human activities. Why are such alleles present (albeit at low levels) in bacterial populations? Conversely, if resistance alleles are beneficial, why are they rare in natural populations of bacteria?
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Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a bacterium normally found in the human gut. It is harmless and may actually be beneficial to the human digestive system. There is a pathogenic strain of E. coli that produces a toxin that can kill its human host. The two strains look very similar under the microscope. Comparison of their genomes reveals that the pathogenic strain lacks 528 genes found in the normal strain and has 1,387 genes not found in the not found in the normal strain.
Are the normal and pathogenic strains of E.coli separate species? Explain your answer.
A mutation occurs in a single bacterium that causes it to produce a new enzyme. This enzyme helps the bacterium process nutrients more efficiently, increasing the bacterium's odds of survival.
Every 30 minutes, the bacteria in the colony divide, passing their genes on to their offspring. Some bacteria survive, while others do not. Because resources are limited, the colony has a steady population of 114 bacteria.
The bacterial colony is shown below at three different time intervals.
Assume that the survival trend shown in the diagram continues. At 3.0 hours, the mutant bacteria will make up percent of the entire colony.
A mutation occurs in a single bacterium that causes it to produce a new enzyme. This enzyme helps the bacterium process nutrients more efficiently, increasing the bacterium's odds of survival.
Every 30 minutes, the bacteria in the colony divide, passing their genes on to their offspring. Some bacteria survive, while others do not. Because resources are limited, the colony has a steady population of 114 bacteria.
The bacterial colony is shown below at three different time intervals.
Assume that the survival trend shown in the diagram continues. At 3.0 hours, the mutant bacteria will make up how many percent of the entire colony?
Chapter 16 Solutions
Biology
Ch. 16.1 - define evolution in terms of concepts from...Ch. 16.1 - define equilibrium population and describe the...Ch. 16.2 - If it were true that mutations do occur in...Ch. 16.2 - Explain how the distribution of genotypes in...Ch. 16.2 - A flu vaccination stimulates your immune system to...Ch. 16.2 - Prob. 3TCCh. 16.2 - If a population grows large again after a...Ch. 16.2 - Prob. 5TCCh. 16.2 - Evolution of a Menace The mutant alleles that...Ch. 16.2 - describe how mutation, gene flow, genetic drift,...
Ch. 16.3 - A team of phys clans treated four patients with...Ch. 16.3 - If we studied a population of bighorn sheep and...Ch. 16.3 - When selection is directional, is there any limit...Ch. 16.3 - describe why selection of phenotypes can affect...Ch. 16.3 - explain how competition and predation influence...Ch. 16.3 - Prob. 3CYLCh. 16.3 - compare and contrast directional selection,...Ch. 16.3 - Microbiologists have discovered that alleles...Ch. 16 - The alleles responsible for antibiotic resistance...Ch. 16 - Stabilizing selection on a trait tends to a. make...Ch. 16 - An adaptation is a. any trait that arises from a...Ch. 16 - Which of the following statements about mutations...Ch. 16 - Genetic drift occurs a. when different phenotypes...Ch. 16 - The ______ provides a simple mathematical model...Ch. 16 - Different versions of the same gene are called...Ch. 16 - An organisms ______ refers to the specific alleles...Ch. 16 - A random form of evolution is called ________....Ch. 16 - Competition is most Intense between members of...Ch. 16 - The evolutionary fitness of an organism is...Ch. 16 - What is a gene pool? How would you determine the...Ch. 16 - Define equilibrium population. Outline the...Ch. 16 - How does population size affect the likelihood of...Ch. 16 - If you measured the allele frequencies of a gene...Ch. 16 - People like to say that you cant prove a negative....Ch. 16 - Describe the three ways in which natural selection...Ch. 16 - What is sexual selection? How is sexual selection...Ch. 16 - In North America, the average height of adult...Ch. 16 - By the 1940s, the whooping crane population had...
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- You have isolated a strain of E.coli that is resistant to penicillin,streptomycin,chloramphenicol and tetracycline. You also observe that when you mix this strain with a strain that is sensitive to all four antibiotics, the new strain becomes resistant to streptomycin,penicillin and chloramphenicol but not tetracycline. Explain how this is so?arrow_forward8) What sort of selection marker system will ensure that only E. coli transformed with pGLO will survive? Can I have an answer for 7 and 8 based on the diagram.arrow_forwardDiscuss the following statement: “mobile genetic elements are parasites. They are harmful to the host organism and therefore place it at an evolutionary disadvantage.”arrow_forward
- A newly-identified relative of Staphylococcus is causing great concern at the Center for Disease Control. It has been observed that some strains of this new bacterial species are resistant to multiple antibiotics used in clinical settings. Thanks to your bacterial genetic prowess, you are hired as part of a research team whose mission is to characterize this new species. It appears that at least three different antibiotic resistance genes have integrated onto the bacterial chromosome: min+ = confers resistance to minocycline cep+ = confers resistance to cephalexin van+ = confers resistance to vancomycin The following table shows the results of your experiments. Transformation of the recipient cells was conducted, using the DNA of the donor cells. You next selected for recipient cells that had undergone transformation by plating the transformed cells on media containing minocycline. This enabled you to select for min+ cells. The min+ cells were then replica plated onto media…arrow_forwardIn Experiment I, you established that beneficial mutations are rare. In Experiment II, you showed that the environment does not affect the probability of a beneficial mutation occurring. Knowing this, why then are mutations responsible for antibiotic resistance in bacteria so common?arrow_forwardAntibiotics such as tetracycline, streptomycin, and bacitracin are small organic molecules that are synthesized by particular species of bacteria. Microbiologists have hypothesized that the reason why certain bacteria make antibiotics is to kill other species that occupy the same environment. Bacteria that produce an antibiotic may be able to kill competing species. Eliminating competitors provides more resources for the antibiotic-producing bacteria. In addition, bacteria that have the genes necessary for antibiotic biosynthesis contain genes that confer resistance to the same antibiotic. For example, tetracycline is made by the soil bacterium Streptomyces aureofaciens. Besides the genes that are needed to make tetracycline, S. aureofaciens also has genes that confer tetracycline resistance; otherwise, it would kill itself when it makes tetracycline. In recent years, however, many other species of bacteria that do not synthesize tetracycline have acquired the genes that confer…arrow_forward
- This is a research article title "On the rapidity of antibiotic resistance evolution facilitated by a concentration gradient". Full article text: Hermsen, R., Deris, J. B., & Hwa, T. (2012). On the rapidity of antibiotic resistance evolution facilitated by a concentration gradient. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(27), 10775–10780. doi:10.1073/pnas.1117716109 QUESTION: What are your thoughts in the article's title? Discuss you answer in Biology manner.arrow_forwardb ) Describe the contribution of Griffith , Avery et al . , Hershey & Chase , and Watson and Crick in the field of genetics . You are characterizing a newly discovered organism . You have noticed that the organism grows on two carbon sources - sucrose and mannitol . Whenever you add both sugars to the medium , sucrose will be completely metabolized before mannitol . a ) What is this growth pattern called ? b ) Describe a possible growth curve of sequential metabolism of the sugars . arrow_forwardTwo mutations that affect plaque morphology in phages (a− and b −) have been isolated. Phages carrying both mutations (a− b−) are mixed with wild-type phages (a+ b+) and added to a culture of bacterial cells. Once the phages have infected and lysed the bacteria, samples of the phage lysate are collected and cultured on plated bacteria. The following numbers of plaques are observed: Plaque phenotype Number a+ b+ 2043 a+ b− 320 a− b+ 357 a− b− 2134 What is the frequency of recombination between the a and b genes?arrow_forward
- Bacterial species that are harmful, as well as others that are beneficial, are found living in the human body. To slow the rate of developing antibiotic resistance in bacteria, physicians are being encouraged to use "narrow-spectrum" antibiotics- those that target only a few bacterial types. How can the information learned by antibiotic sensitivity testing be used by physicians who must choose antibiotics that inhibit the growth of bacteria causing disease but that do not interfere with beneficial bacteria?arrow_forwardA mutation occurs in a single bacterium that causes it to produce a new enzyme. This enzyme helps the bacterium process nutrients more efficiently, increasing the bacterium's odds of survival. Every 30 minutes, the bacteria in the colony divide, passing their genes on to their offspring. Some bacteria survive, while others do not. Because resources are limited, the colony has a steady population of 114 bacteria. The bacterial colony is shown below at three different time intervals. The picture would be here: Assume that the survival trend shown in the diagram continues. At 3.0 hours, the mutant bacteria will make up _____ percent of the entire colony.arrow_forwardPrice et al. (1999. J. Bacteriol. 181: 2358–2362) conducted a genetic study of the toxin transport protein (PA) of Bacillus anthracis, the bacterium that causes anthrax in humans. Within the 2294-nucleotide gene in 26 strains they identified five point mutations—two missense and three synonyms—among different isolates. Necropsy samples from an anthrax outbreak in 1979 revealed a novel missense mutation and five unique nucleotide changes among ten victims. The authors concluded that these data indicate little or no horizontal transfer between different B. anthracis strains. (a) Which types of nucleotide changes (missense or synonyms) cause amino acid changes? (b) What is meant by horizontal transfer? (c) On what basis did the authors conclude that evidence of horizontal transfer is absent from their data?arrow_forward
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