Human Physiology
15th Edition
ISBN: 9781259864629
Author: Fox, Stuart Ira
Publisher: Mcgraw-hill Education,
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Chapter 16, Problem 39RA
Summary Introduction
To review:
1. The physiological advantage of the fetus having a different form of hemoglobin.
2. The physiological mechanism responsible for the fetus having a high hemoglobin concentration and its relation with physiological neonatal jaundice.
Introduction:
The transportation of oxygen in the blood is carried out by the hemoglobin. Four oxygen atoms bind with one hemoglobin molecule in order to get transported. The transportation of oxygen with hemoglobin is governed by various factors. Hemoglobin binds and supplies oxygen by loading and unloading reactions.
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What is the significance of fetal hemoglobin’s differencefrom adult hemoglobin?
Why is Fetal Hemoglobin Essential for survival of Placental animals?
Oxygen affinity of fetal blood is higher than that of maternal blood and may help to provide the fetus with an adequate oxygen supply
during pregnancy. In mammals, 2, 3-biphosphosphoglycerate (BPG) mediates intracellular hemoglobin function by lowering cxygen affinity.
Fetal red blood cells have higher affinity for oxygen because of a smaller effect of BPG on oxygen affinity of fetal hemoglobin (Hb F)
compared with adult Hb (Hb A). Which symbol shows the PS0 value corresponding to Hb F?
14
12
10
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2,3-BPG (mM)
O Crcle
O Dimond
O Square
O Triangle
(6H ww) d
Chapter 16 Solutions
Human Physiology
Ch. 16 - Describe the structures involved in gas exchange...Ch. 16 - Prob. 1bCPCh. 16 - Describe how each lung is compartmentalized by the...Ch. 16 - Describe the changes in the intrapulmonary and...Ch. 16 - Explain how the compliance and elasticity of the...Ch. 16 - Describe pulmonary surfactant and discuss its...Ch. 16 - Describe the actions of the diaphragm and external...Ch. 16 - Explain how forced inspiration and forced...Ch. 16 - Define the terms tidal volume and vital capacity....Ch. 16 - How are the vital capacity and the forced...
Ch. 16 - Explain how the of air is calculated and how this...Ch. 16 - Explain how blood measurements are taken, and...Ch. 16 - Explain how the arterial and the oxygen content...Ch. 16 - Describe the ventilation/perfusion ratios of the...Ch. 16 - Explain how decompression sickness is produced in...Ch. 16 - Describe the roles of centers in the brain stem...Ch. 16 - Describe the effects of voluntary hyperventilation...Ch. 16 - Using a flowchart to show a negative feedback...Ch. 16 - Prob. 10bCPCh. 16 - Prob. 10cCPCh. 16 - Use a graph to illustrate the effects of Po2 on...Ch. 16 - Draw an oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve and label...Ch. 16 - Prob. 12aCPCh. 16 - Prob. 12bCPCh. 16 - List the ways in which carbon dioxide is carried...Ch. 16 - Where in the body does the chloride shift occur?...Ch. 16 - Where in the body does a reverse chloride shift...Ch. 16 - Using equations, show how carbonic acid and...Ch. 16 - Prob. 15aCPCh. 16 - Prob. 15bCPCh. 16 - Prob. 15cCPCh. 16 - Prob. 15dCPCh. 16 - Explain why a person with ketoacidosis...Ch. 16 - Prob. 16aCPCh. 16 - Explain why endurance-trained athletes have a...Ch. 16 - Prob. 17CPCh. 16 - Prob. 1RACh. 16 - Prob. 2RACh. 16 - The maximum amount of air that can be expired...Ch. 16 - Prob. 4RACh. 16 - Prob. 5RACh. 16 - Which of these would be most affected by a...Ch. 16 - Prob. 7RACh. 16 - Prob. 8RACh. 16 - The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is decreased...Ch. 16 - Prob. 10RACh. 16 - The bicarbonate concentration or the blood would...Ch. 16 - Prob. 12RACh. 16 - Prob. 13RACh. 16 - Which of these occur(s) during hypoxemia?...Ch. 16 - During exercise, which of these statements is...Ch. 16 - All of the following can bond with hemoglobin...Ch. 16 - Prob. 17RACh. 16 - The hypoxic ventilatory response occurs when low...Ch. 16 - Using a flow diagram to show cause and effect,...Ch. 16 - Radiographic (x-ray) pictures show that the rib...Ch. 16 - Explain, using a flowchart, how a rise in blood ...Ch. 16 - Explain why a person with ketoacidosis may...Ch. 16 - Prob. 23RACh. 16 - Explain how measurements of blood Pco2,...Ch. 16 - Describe the changes in ventilation that occur...Ch. 16 - Prob. 26RACh. 16 - Describe how ventilation changes when a person...Ch. 16 - Explain the physiological changes in the blood's...Ch. 16 - Compare asthma and emphysema in terms of their...Ch. 16 - Explain the mechanisms involved in quiet...Ch. 16 - Describe the formation, composition, and function...Ch. 16 - Prob. 32RACh. 16 - The nature of the sounds produced by percussion...Ch. 16 - Explain why the fast breath of a healthy neonate...Ch. 16 - Prob. 35RACh. 16 - Carbon monoxide poisoning from smoke inhalation...Ch. 16 - Prob. 37RACh. 16 - Explain how a subatmospheric intrapleural pressure...Ch. 16 - Prob. 39RACh. 16 - You cannot affect the oxygen delivery to your...Ch. 16 - Refer to figure 16.19 and calculate the Po2 of the...Ch. 16 - Refer to figure 16.19 and calculate the of the...Ch. 16 - Refer to figure 16.19 and calculate the Po2 of the...Ch. 16 - Use figure 16.34 to answer the following...Ch. 16 - Prob. 45RACh. 16 - Use figure 16.34 to answer the following...Ch. 16 - Prob. 47RA
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- A developing fetus gets oxygen from its mothers blood. Fetal capillaries run through pools of maternal blood in an organ called the placenta. As fetal blood runs through these capillaries, it exchanges substances with the maternal blood around the capillary. The hemoglobin made by a fetus is different than that made after birth. Fetal hemoglobin binds oxygen more strongly at low oxygen levels than normal hemoglobin. How would fetal hemoglobins somewhat higher affinity for oxygen benefit the fetus?arrow_forwardThe fraction saturation curve for fetal hemoglobin and oxygen shows a left shift compared to Maternal hemoglobin curves because: (select all true statements) O Fetal hemoglobin has a poor binding affinity for DPG (aka BPG), which stabilizes maternal hemoglobin O Fetal hemoglobin to has a higher affinity for 02 O Fetal hemoglobin has a lower affinity for 02 Fetal hemoglobin only has one subunit. O The resulting graph allows you to calculate nHarrow_forwardThe PO2 of placental blood is about 40 mmHg. What are the O2 saturations of maternal and fetal hemoglobin at this PO2?arrow_forward
- Fetal hemoglobin binds 2,3 BPG with greater affinity than adult hemoglobin.TrueFalsearrow_forwardWhat is surfactant? What cells produce it and how does it work i.e. how specifically does it affect surface tension and alveolar structure (remember La Place's law). Lastly, in the course of term fetal development, explain what mechanism comes into play to assure the sufficient production of surfactant before a term delivery. What is "hyaline membrane disease"? Name 2 medications that may be used to treat this condition - one before delivery, one after. Lastly, briefly explain the theory behind treatment with CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) - how may this be dangerous?arrow_forwardB D A Fig. 1.1 a. Which alphabet shows red blood cell? b. Human red blood cell does not have a nucleus. State two advantages of this characteristic c. The alveoli in the lungs are surrounded by blood capillaries. Explain two ways in which blood capillaries are adapted for faster diffusion of gases. ......... ..... ......arrow_forward
- What would happen to a fetus if hemoglobin of the maternal blood hadan affinity for O2 that was equal to or greater than the hemoglobinof fetal blood?arrow_forwardHemoglobin will bind oxygen and release CO2 in places where there is a higher concentration of O2, lower concentration of CO2, lower temperature and lower acidity (as it is in lungs) and will do the reverse – release oxygen and bind CO2 - in places where there is a lower concentration of O2, higher concentration of CO2, higher temperature and higher acidity (as it is in working muscles). True False While white blood cells never leave the circulation, red blood cells regularly leave it and travel by lymphatic system or find home in other tissues, e.g., lymph nodes, spleen, etc. True False Blood clotting (coagulation) is a complex process involving many factors and it exhibits positive feedback loops: many of the factors also stimulate production of their own precursors. B lymphocytes mature in the thymus while T lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow True False Antibodies are molecules on the surfaces of foreign…arrow_forwardWhich of these factors in active tissue does not lead to greater release of O₂ from hemoglobin? elevated temperature O increased acidity O All of the other choices lead to increased release of oxygen O elevated carbon dioxide In anemia, the blood has low levels of hemoglobin and carries less oxygen (this is TRUE). Question: Does anemic blood have reduced PO2 compared with the PO2 of blood with normal hemoglobin levels? O Yes O Noarrow_forward
- Which is a difference between fetal and adult hemoglobin? 10 Multiple Choice Fetal hemoglobin has 6 subunits while adult hemoglobin has 4 subunits Adult hemoglobin as a greater affinity for oxygen than fetal hemoglobin Fetal hemoglobin has 4 subunits while adult hemoglobin as 6 subunits Fetal hemoglobin has a greater affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin Mc Graw Hill Education < Prev OType here to searcharrow_forwardHemoglobin and hematocrit values are generally lower for females than for males. Why?arrow_forwardWhich of the following forms the 'respiratory membrane' for the fetus (mark all that apply) 1. maternal - simple squamous epithelium (placenta) 2. fetus - simple squamous epithelium (lung) 3. fetus - simple squamous epithelium (placenta) 4. fetus - loose irregular connective tissue (placenta) 5. maternal - simple squamous epithelium (lungs) Choose from the following: (A) 1, 3, and 4 (B) 1, 3, 4, and 5 (C) 2, 3 and 4 (D) 3 and 4 (E) 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5arrow_forward
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