Human Physiology
15th Edition
ISBN: 9781259864629
Author: Fox, Stuart Ira
Publisher: Mcgraw-hill Education,
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Chapter 16, Problem 36RA
Carbon monoxide poisoning from smoke inhalation and suicide attempts is the most common cause of death from poisoning in the United States. How would carbon monoxide poisoning affect a person's coloring, particularly of the mucous membranes? How would it affect the haemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and percent oxyhemoglobin saturation? How would chronic carbon monoxide poisoning affect the person's red blood cell content of 2,3-DPG?
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The immediate administration of nitrite is a highly effective treatment for cyanide poisoning. What is the basis for the action of this antidote? (Hint: Nitrite oxidizes ferrohemoglobin to ferrihemoglobin.)
Select the best answer or answers from the choices given: The bulk of carbon dioxide is carried (a) chemically combined with the amino acids of hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin in the red blood cells, (b) as the ion HCO3− in the plasma after first entering the red blood cell, (c) as carbonic acid in the plasma, (d) chemically combined with the heme portion of Hb.
In addition to O2 binding, changes in other chemical conditions can result in changes in hemoglobin structure and function. Increases in blood H+ result in oxygen binding curves for hemoglobin that are shifted to the right. The effect of H+ can be understood in terms of the equilibrium:H-Hb+ + O2 → Hb-O2 + H+How does the difference in pH in the lungs and tissues help hemoglobin do its job of delivering oxygen? Use the equilibrium equation in your argument.
Chapter 16 Solutions
Human Physiology
Ch. 16 - Describe the structures involved in gas exchange...Ch. 16 - Prob. 1bCPCh. 16 - Describe how each lung is compartmentalized by the...Ch. 16 - Describe the changes in the intrapulmonary and...Ch. 16 - Explain how the compliance and elasticity of the...Ch. 16 - Describe pulmonary surfactant and discuss its...Ch. 16 - Describe the actions of the diaphragm and external...Ch. 16 - Explain how forced inspiration and forced...Ch. 16 - Define the terms tidal volume and vital capacity....Ch. 16 - How are the vital capacity and the forced...
Ch. 16 - Explain how the of air is calculated and how this...Ch. 16 - Explain how blood measurements are taken, and...Ch. 16 - Explain how the arterial and the oxygen content...Ch. 16 - Describe the ventilation/perfusion ratios of the...Ch. 16 - Explain how decompression sickness is produced in...Ch. 16 - Describe the roles of centers in the brain stem...Ch. 16 - Describe the effects of voluntary hyperventilation...Ch. 16 - Using a flowchart to show a negative feedback...Ch. 16 - Prob. 10bCPCh. 16 - Prob. 10cCPCh. 16 - Use a graph to illustrate the effects of Po2 on...Ch. 16 - Draw an oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve and label...Ch. 16 - Prob. 12aCPCh. 16 - Prob. 12bCPCh. 16 - List the ways in which carbon dioxide is carried...Ch. 16 - Where in the body does the chloride shift occur?...Ch. 16 - Where in the body does a reverse chloride shift...Ch. 16 - Using equations, show how carbonic acid and...Ch. 16 - Prob. 15aCPCh. 16 - Prob. 15bCPCh. 16 - Prob. 15cCPCh. 16 - Prob. 15dCPCh. 16 - Explain why a person with ketoacidosis...Ch. 16 - Prob. 16aCPCh. 16 - Explain why endurance-trained athletes have a...Ch. 16 - Prob. 17CPCh. 16 - Prob. 1RACh. 16 - Prob. 2RACh. 16 - The maximum amount of air that can be expired...Ch. 16 - Prob. 4RACh. 16 - Prob. 5RACh. 16 - Which of these would be most affected by a...Ch. 16 - Prob. 7RACh. 16 - Prob. 8RACh. 16 - The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is decreased...Ch. 16 - Prob. 10RACh. 16 - The bicarbonate concentration or the blood would...Ch. 16 - Prob. 12RACh. 16 - Prob. 13RACh. 16 - Which of these occur(s) during hypoxemia?...Ch. 16 - During exercise, which of these statements is...Ch. 16 - All of the following can bond with hemoglobin...Ch. 16 - Prob. 17RACh. 16 - The hypoxic ventilatory response occurs when low...Ch. 16 - Using a flow diagram to show cause and effect,...Ch. 16 - Radiographic (x-ray) pictures show that the rib...Ch. 16 - Explain, using a flowchart, how a rise in blood ...Ch. 16 - Explain why a person with ketoacidosis may...Ch. 16 - Prob. 23RACh. 16 - Explain how measurements of blood Pco2,...Ch. 16 - Describe the changes in ventilation that occur...Ch. 16 - Prob. 26RACh. 16 - Describe how ventilation changes when a person...Ch. 16 - Explain the physiological changes in the blood's...Ch. 16 - Compare asthma and emphysema in terms of their...Ch. 16 - Explain the mechanisms involved in quiet...Ch. 16 - Describe the formation, composition, and function...Ch. 16 - Prob. 32RACh. 16 - The nature of the sounds produced by percussion...Ch. 16 - Explain why the fast breath of a healthy neonate...Ch. 16 - Prob. 35RACh. 16 - Carbon monoxide poisoning from smoke inhalation...Ch. 16 - Prob. 37RACh. 16 - Explain how a subatmospheric intrapleural pressure...Ch. 16 - Prob. 39RACh. 16 - You cannot affect the oxygen delivery to your...Ch. 16 - Refer to figure 16.19 and calculate the Po2 of the...Ch. 16 - Refer to figure 16.19 and calculate the of the...Ch. 16 - Refer to figure 16.19 and calculate the Po2 of the...Ch. 16 - Use figure 16.34 to answer the following...Ch. 16 - Prob. 45RACh. 16 - Use figure 16.34 to answer the following...Ch. 16 - Prob. 47RA
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- What is oxyhemoglobin? Where does it form?arrow_forwardCarbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin more readily than oxygen. Why is this dangerous?arrow_forwardx The Bohr effect describes the impact of changes in serum pH and CO2 concentrations on the oxygen dissociation curve of hemoglobin. This effect is physiologically important because it allows the body to adapt to changing conditions and provide enough oxygen to different types of tissues. **Plot the curves of hemoglobin oxygen saturation for patients in conditions of acidosis (serum pH below 7.34) and alkalosis (serum pH higher than 7.45) and compare it to the one in normal conditions. ** **When tissues, such as muscle tissue, are performing large amounts of strenuous activity the increase in metabolic activity produces CO2 as waste. Once in the bloodstream the enzyme carbonic anhydrase speeds up the conversion of CO2 to bicarbonate and protons. How does this affect the release of oxygen to the tissues?** **2,3-bisphosphoglycerate is an allosteric inhibitor of oxygen binding to hemoglobin. Acclimatization to high altitude involves numerous physiological and biochemical changes,…arrow_forward
- Name three effects produced by H+ binding to hemoglobin.arrow_forwardCarbon monoxide (CO) is a colourless, odourless gas that result from the burning of hydrocarbons, such as in a poorly functioning furnace or vehicle emissions. CO can bind with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin. Hemoglobin's affinity for CO is 200 times greater than its affinity for oxygen. The initial symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning are flu-like, such as dizziness, headache and vomiting. However, when left unchecked, CO poisoning can result in unconsciousness, loss of blood flow to the vital organs and, eventually, death. (Source: Bleecker, M.L. (2015). Carbon Monoxide Intoxication. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Elsevier B.V.) 5. Name the gases normally carried by hemoglobin in the body. Using your knowledge of the circulatory and respiratory systems, provide a possible explanation for the symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is TRUE of carbon monoxide poisoning? Group of answer choices choose one answer Carbon monoxide is toxic because it binds more readily to hemoglobin than oxygen, thereby decreasing the oxygen carrying capacity of blood. As the carbon dioxide content of blood increases, a phenomenon known as the Haldane effect converts the excess carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide until it reaches toxic levels. Carbon monoxide is toxic because it readily picks up oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, causing acidosis and eventual death. Carbon monoxide causes the carbamino effect where carbon dioxide is stripped of an oxygen, producing carbon monoxide.arrow_forward
- Which of the following is the concentration of hemoglobin-bound oxygen in the blood when the heme is fully saturated? 8500 uM 8630 uM 2200 uM 8800 uMarrow_forwardAfter spending a day or more at high altitude (with an oxygen partial pressure of 75 torr), the concentration of 2,3- bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) in red blood cells increases. What effect would an increased concentration of 2,3-BPG have on the oxygen-binding curve for hemoglobin? Why would this adaptation be beneficial for functioning well at high altitude?arrow_forwardBelow are multiple oxygen binding affinity curves for hemoglobin. The affinity curve for normal hemoglobin in blood is represented by curve "D," at a pH of 7.2 and at a concentration of 5mM BPG and 26 mM CO2. O₂ saturation (%) 100 Answer 1: B Answer 2: [Select] Answer 3: B Answer 4: 80 A 60 1. How would changes to acidity, BPG concentration and CO₂ levels affect the binding affinity curve and p50? lower than Answer 5: E 40 1. BPG concentration is decreased to 3mM: The binding affinity curve would look like B. The p50 would be lower than normal (D). 2. pH is increased to 7.6: The binding affinity curve would look like B. The p50 would be [Select] normal (D). 20 3. CO₂ concentration is increased to 30 mM: The binding affinity curve would look like. [Select] The p50 would be Answer 6: 0 normal (D). II. The hemoglobin has been treated with a denaturing solution which disrupts quaternary structure only, and has a binding affinity resembling myoglobin. The binding affinity curve would look…arrow_forward
- With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released to the tissues because: a decrease in pH weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond a decrease in pH strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bon Oan increase in pH strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond an increase in pH weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bondarrow_forwardBelow is the equation that represents O2 binding to hemoglobin. Hb+4O2⇌Hb(O2)According to Le Chatelier’s principle, which form of the hemoglobin (Hb or Hb(O2)4) is predominant in the lungs where the partial pressure of oxygen is high? Explain. I need help answering thisarrow_forwardWhat will happen if carbon monoxide combines with hemoglobin?arrow_forward
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