Essentials of Genetics (9th Edition) - Standalone book
9th Edition
ISBN: 9780134047799
Author: William S. Klug, Michael R. Cummings, Charlotte A. Spencer, Michael A. Palladino
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 15, Problem 27PDQ
It has been estimated that at least two-thirds of human genes produce alternatively spliced mRNA isoforms. In some cases, incorrectly spliced RNAs lead to human pathologies. Scientists have examined human cancer cells for splice-specific changes and found that many of the changes disrupt tumor-suppressor gene function (Xu and Lee, 2003. Nucl. Acids Res. 31: 5635–5643). In general, what would be the effects of splicing changes on these RNAs and the function of tumor-suppressor gene function? How might loss of splicing specificity be associated with cancer?
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Chapter 15 Solutions
Essentials of Genetics (9th Edition) - Standalone book
Ch. 15 -
CASE STUDY | A mysterious muscular dystrophy
A...Ch. 15 -
CASE STUDY |A mysterious muscular dystrophy
A...Ch. 15 -
CASE STUDY |A mysterious muscular dystrophy
A...Ch. 15 -
HOW DO WE KNOW?
1. In this chapter, we have...Ch. 15 -
2. Review the Chapter Concepts list on p. 280....Ch. 15 - Describe which enzymes are required for lactose...Ch. 15 - Contrast positive versus negative regulation of...Ch. 15 -
5. Both attenuation and riboswitches rely on...Ch. 15 - For the lac genotypes shown in the accompanying...Ch. 15 -
7. For the genotypes and conditions (lactose...
Ch. 15 -
8. The locations of numerous lacI– and lacIs...Ch. 15 - Explain why catabolite repression is used in...Ch. 15 - Describe experiments that would confirm whether or...Ch. 15 - Predict the level of genetic activity of the lac...Ch. 15 - Predict the effect on the inducibility of the lac...Ch. 15 -
13. Describe the role of attenuation in the...Ch. 15 -
14. In a theoretical operon, genes A, B, C, and D...Ch. 15 - A bacterial operon is responsible for production...Ch. 15 - A marine bacterium is isolated and is shown to...Ch. 15 -
17. Why is gene regulation more complex in a...Ch. 15 -
18. List and define the levels of eukaryotic gene...Ch. 15 -
19. Distinguish between the cis-acting regulatory...Ch. 15 - Prob. 20PDQCh. 15 - Compare the control of gene regulation in...Ch. 15 - Many eukaryotic promoter regions contain CAAT...Ch. 15 -
23. What is RNA-induced gene silencing in...Ch. 15 - Although it is customary to consider...Ch. 15 - DNA methylation is commonly associated with a...Ch. 15 - The interphase nucleus appears to be a highly...Ch. 15 - It has been estimated that at least two-thirds of...
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- Through alternative splicing, eukaryotes (a) reinforce gene inactivation (b) prevent transcription of heterochromatin (c) produce related but different proteins in different tissues (d) amplify genes to meet the requirement of high levels of a gene product (e) bind transcription factors to enhancers to activate transcriptionarrow_forwardWhy is it important to model cancer through the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells ? Explain in detail the main findings. Please sort as a list.arrow_forwardSR proteins are essential to proper spliceosome assembly and are known to take part in the regulation of alternative splicing. Surprisingly, the role of SR proteins in splice-site selection and alternative splicing is affected by the promoter used for the transcription of the pre-mRNA. For example, through genetic engineering, RNA polymerase II promoters that have somewhat different sequences can be created. When pre-mRNAs with exactly the same sequences are transcribed from two different RNA polymerase II promoters that differ slightly in sequence, which promoter is used can affect how the pre-mRNA is spliced. Propose a mechanism by which the DNA sequence of an RNA polymerase II promoter could affect alternative splicing of pre-mRNA.arrow_forward
- Alternative splicing takes place in more than 95% of the human protein-encoding genes with multiple exons. Researchers have found that how a pre-mRNA is spliced is affected by the pre-mRNA’s promoter sequence (D. Auboeuf et al. 2002. Science 298:416–419). In addition, factors that affect the rate of elongation by the RNA polymerase during transcription affect the type of splicing that takes place. These findings suggest that the process of transcription affects splicing. Propose one or more mechanisms that would explain how transcription might affect alternative splicing.arrow_forwardRetinoblastoma is an extremely rare cancer of the retina in the eye. The disease mainly affects children up to the age of 5 years because it can only occur while the nerve precursor cells are still dividing. In its nonhereditary form, a tumor usually occurs in only one eye; in its hereditary form, multiple tumors develop in both eyes.To explore the basis for these differences, a cDNA clone of the Rb gene was used to probe the structure of the gene in cells from normal individuals and from individuals with nonhereditary or hereditary retinoblastoma. As shown in the figure Part A, normal individuals have four restriction fragments (A, B, C, and D) that hybridize to the Rb cDNA probe, indicating that each restriction fragment encodes at least one Rb exon. Samples from fibroblasts and tumor cells of affected persons show some differences in the patterns of hybridization, with some bands missing entirely and some bands present at half intensity. The order of the restriction fragments in the…arrow_forwardWhy is it important to model cancer through the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells ? Explain in detail the main findings.arrow_forward
- As discussed in Lipids 3, SREBPs are a type of transcription factor involved in lipid homeostasis. SREBPs regulate the expression of genes that encode for anabolic enzymes. Normally SREBPs are degraded within 3 hours. Pancreatic cancer cells prevent this from happening, which increases cholesterol production within the tumor. If maintaining SREBPs for a longer period of time increases lipid synthesis, then these transcription factors are: O introducing a point mutation within the mRNA, causing the ribosome to synthesize a better protein binding to the promoter and preventing RNA polymerase from accessing the transcription start site introducing a premature stop codon within the mRNA, causing the ribosome to terminate translation binding upstream of the promoter and recruiting RNA polymerase to the transcription start site binding to the origin of replication and recruiting DNA polymerase for bidirectional synthesisarrow_forwardComparison of different tissues shows that the ITY gene produces a 900 nt mature mRNA and a 190 amino acid long protein in peripheral nerves, but in another tissue, the same gene produces a 720 nt long mRNA and a larger protein, 130 amino acid long. This is a result of alternative splicing. a. For this difference to result from alternative splicing, does there need to be a difference in the DNA sequence between the ITY gene in the peripheral nerves, and the ITY gene in the other tissue? Yes Explain your reasoning: No b. If an entire exon is included in one tissue, and excluded in the other, what is the length, in nucleotides, of the alternatively-spliced exon? c. Which part(s) of the protein have difference sequences in the two types of nerves, the N- terminus, C-terminus, or middle of the protein? i. N-terminus ii. C-terminus iii. Somewhere in the middle of the proteinarrow_forwardATM is a kinase that phosphorylates histone H2AX in response to double-stranded DNA breaks. Which of the following scenarios would most quickly regulate ATM activity in the cell? a) Adding silencing methyl groups to cytosines in the Atm gene b) Modifying the histone code for the Atm gene c) Increasing expression of a miRNA specific for the Atm mRNA d) Activating an E3 ubiquitin ligase specific for the ATM proteinarrow_forward
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments enable researchers to measure the levels of transcription factors, coactivators/corepressors and chromatin remodeling complexes on a specific gene in cells. In the ChIP experiment below, the recruitment of the transcription factor NfkB, Histone Deacetylase Complex (HDAC3) and p300/CBP complex to the Interleukin 12 (IL12) gene at various times (0, 30, 60 and 120 min) after treating cells with LPS are measured. Does LPS stimulate or inhibit transcription of the IL12 gene based on the recruitment of factors to the IL12 gene. Justify your answer by explaining the state of the gene before LPS and after LPS treatment (limit 5-6 sentences).arrow_forwardTumor-suppressor genes are normal human genes that prevent uncontrollable cell growth. Starting with a normal laboratory humancell line, describe how you could use transposon tagging to identifytumor-suppressor genes. (Note: When a TE hops into a tumorsuppressorgene, it may cause uncontrolled cell growth. This is detected as a large clump of cells among a normal monolayer of cells.)arrow_forwardDuring certain stages of cell growth, the requirement for certain gene products may require gene amplification. What purpose does gene amplification serve?arrow_forward
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